Your courses
Weighted by credits. Pass/fail courses should be left out.
Credits do the weighting
GPA is total grade points divided by total credits, not the average of your grades. A four-credit course pulls twice as hard as a two-credit one, which is why a poor result in a big module costs more than the same result in a small one.
Pick the scale your institution uses
A 4.0 scale caps an A at 4.0; a 4.3 scale gives A+ a value above A; a 4.5 scale spaces the grades differently again. The same transcript produces different numbers on each, so comparing a GPA without naming the scale means nothing.
Pass/fail courses sit outside
Courses graded pass/fail usually count towards credits earned but not towards the average, since there is no grade point to weight. Leave them out here; including them as a top grade flatters the result.
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Frequently asked questions
Q. How do I convert to another country's system?
You mostly cannot, at least not reliably. Percentage marks, India's 10-point CGPA and Germany's 1–5 scale, where lower is better, are built on different distributions. Admissions offices convert using their own tables rather than a formula.
Q. Does a retake replace the original grade?
That depends on the institution. Some replace it, some average both, some keep both on the transcript and count only the higher. Check the rule before assuming a retake erases anything.
Q. How much does one bad grade matter?
Less than it feels, and less as you accumulate credits. A single C among thirty credits moves the average by a little; the same C among six credits moves it a lot. The early terms carry the most weight per grade.