Keyboard shortcuts by app

882 shortcuts, with the Windows and Mac combinations side by side.

On laptops the F1–F12 row usually acts as brightness and volume first, so combinations with an F key may need Fn held as well. On a Mac you can flip that in System Settings › Keyboard.

Excel60

Excel diverges most on the Mac. F4 for absolute references is Cmd+T there, and a few Ctrl combinations stay Ctrl rather than becoming Cmd.

Action	Keys
Fill downFills the cells you selected below with the cell above, carrying the formatting down and not just the value.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Fill rightFills the cells you selected to the right with the cell on the left; it is Ctrl+D turned sideways.	`Ctrl`+`RCmd`+`R`
Flash FillGuesses the pattern from the example you typed and fills the rest of the column; the combination exists only on Windows, so on a Mac you go through the Data menu.	`Ctrl`+`E`Not on this system
Edit the active cellPuts the cursor inside the cell so you can edit it; typing straight away would overwrite the contents, while F2 continues from the end.	`F2`
Fill the selection with what you typedSelect a range, type once, and every selected cell gets that entry; with a single cell it stays put instead of dropping down a row.	`Ctrl`+`Enter`
New line inside one cellBreaks the line inside the same cell; Enter on its own would jump to the cell below, and on a Mac the combination is Ctrl+Option+Enter.	`Alt`+`EnterCtrl`+`Option`+`Enter`
Type in today dateTypes today date in as a fixed value; unlike the TODAY function it never changes again tomorrow.	`Ctrl`+`;`
Type in the current timeTypes the current time in as a fixed value; this is one place the platforms split — Ctrl+Shift+; on Windows but Cmd+; on a Mac.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`;Cmd`+`;`
Copy the formula from the cell aboveCopies the formula from the cell above letter for letter, so =A1 stays =A1 instead of shifting a row down as Ctrl+D would.	`Ctrl`+`Apostrophe`
Repeat or redo the last actionRepeats whatever you just did, doubles as redo, and on Windows F4 does the same thing whenever you are not editing a formula.	`Ctrl`+`YCmd`+`Y`
Insert a hyperlinkAttaches a link to the selected cell; existing text becomes the link label, and the same dialog also links to another place inside the workbook.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Open Paste SpecialOpens the dialog where you choose values only, formats only, transpose and the rest; the Mac combination is Cmd+Ctrl+V, not Ctrl+Alt+V.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`VCmd`+`Ctrl`+`V`
Paste values onlyDrops the formulas and pastes the numbers they produced; the V then Enter part is a Windows dialog accelerator, so on a Mac you pick Values in the dialog instead.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`V`·`V`·`EnterCmd`+`Ctrl`+`V`
Select the whole columnSelects the whole column the cell sits in; inside a table the first press grabs only the table column and a second press takes the entire sheet column.	`Ctrl`+`Space`
Select the whole rowSelects the whole row the cell sits in; with the row selected, Ctrl+Shift+Plus inserts a new row without asking anything.	`Shift`+`Space`
Select the block of data around the cellThe first press takes the block of data around the cell and a second press takes the whole sheet; an empty row or column is where the block ends.	`Ctrl`+`ACmd`+`A`
Extend the selection to the last filled cellExtends the selection until the values stop in that direction; one empty cell in the middle stops it early, and all four arrows work the same way.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Down`
Extend the selection to the last used cellExtends the selection to the last cell the sheet remembers using; leftover formatting from deleted rows is why it often reaches far beyond your data.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`End`
Jump to the last used cellJumps to the last cell the sheet counts as used; if your data ends at row 100 but this lands on row 50000, you have just found why the file is bloated.	`Ctrl`+`End`
Jump to A1Takes you back to A1; if panes are frozen it lands on the first cell inside the frozen edge instead.	`Ctrl`+`Home`
Go to the next sheetMoves one sheet tab to the right; on a Mac laptop without a PageDown key it is Fn+Ctrl+Down, and Option+Right is the easier Mac route.	`Ctrl`+`PageDownOption`+`Right`
Go to the previous sheetMoves one sheet tab to the left; on a Mac Option+Left does the same, and a laptop without PageUp needs Fn+Ctrl+Up.	`Ctrl`+`PageUpOption`+`Left`
Insert a new sheetInserts a new sheet in front of the current one; on a Mac laptop you must hold Fn as well for F11 to reach Excel.	`Shift`+`F11`
Insert cells, rows or columnsOpens the Insert dialog asking which way to push the cells; with a whole row or column already selected it just inserts one without asking.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Plus`
Delete cells, rows or columnsRemoves the cells and pulls the rest in to close the gap; unlike Delete, which only clears contents, the cells themselves go and the rows below move up.	`Ctrl`+`MinusCmd`+`Minus`
Hide the selected rowsHides the selected rows — it folds their height to zero rather than deleting them, and the Mac Cmd+( is really Cmd+Shift+9.	`Ctrl`+`9Cmd`+`(`
Hide the selected columnsHides the selected columns — Ctrl+0 on Windows, Cmd+) on a Mac — and you spot a hidden column by the gap in the header letters.	`Ctrl`+`0Cmd`+`)`
Unhide the hidden columnsBrings hidden columns back; on Windows the keyboard-layout switcher often swallows Ctrl+Shift+0 so it looks broken, and rows use Ctrl+Shift+9 instead.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`0Cmd`+`Shift`+`)`
Group rows or columnsBundles the selected rows or columns into a collapsible group; the keys are unrelated across platforms — Alt+Shift+Right on Windows, Cmd+Shift+K on a Mac.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`RightCmd`+`Shift`+`K`
Ungroup rows or columnsUndoes a group so the collapse handles disappear; Alt+Shift+Left on Windows and Cmd+Shift+J on a Mac.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`LeftCmd`+`Shift`+`J`
Open the Format Cells dialogOpens the one dialog that holds number, alignment, border and fill; the 1 is the one on the number row, not the one on the numeric keypad.	`Ctrl`+`1Cmd`+`1`
BoldTurns the text in the selected cells bold, and pressing it again takes the bold off.	`Ctrl`+`BCmd`+`B`
UnderlineAdds or removes an underline in the selected cells; only the modifier differs — Ctrl+U on Windows, Cmd+U on a Mac.	`Ctrl`+`UCmd`+`U`
Draw a border around the selectionDraws a line around the outside of the selection only; the combinations are unrelated — Ctrl+Shift+& on Windows, Cmd+Option+0 on a Mac.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`&Cmd`+`Option`+`0`
Remove every borderWipes every border from the selection; Ctrl+Shift+_ on Windows and Cmd+Option+Minus on a Mac.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`_Cmd`+`Option`+`Minus`
Centre the cell contentsCentres what is in the cell; Windows has no single combination so you step through the ribbon as Alt then H, A, C, while a Mac has plain Cmd+E.	`Alt`+`H`·`A`·`CCmd`+`E`
Wrap the text in the cellFolds long text onto several lines inside the cell; neither platform ships a default combination, so you use the ribbon or the Alignment tab of Format Cells, and Alt+Enter is the manual way to break a line.	Not on this system
General number formatStrips the number format back to General; run it on a date and you see the serial number that was under it all along.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`~`
Currency formatApplies two decimals with a currency symbol taken from your system locale; on a US layout the $ sits on Shift+4.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`$`
Percent formatSwitches to a percent format with no decimals; the stored value does not change, so 0.5 simply reads as 50%.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`%`
Thousands separator formatApplies a thousands separator with two decimals, and negatives come out with a minus sign rather than in brackets.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`!`
Date formatSwitches the cell to a day-month-year date format; only the display changes, so a date that was typed as text will not budge.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`#`
Insert AutoSumGuesses the numbers above or to the left and wraps them in SUM; check the range it picked before pressing Enter, and note the Mac key is Cmd+Shift+T.	`Alt`+`=Cmd`+`Shift`+`T`
Insert a functionOpens the window where you pick a function and fill its arguments one box at a time; on a Mac the same key opens it under the name Formula Builder.	`Shift`+`F3`
Toggle absolute and relative referencesWhile you are editing a formula it cycles A1 to $A$1 to A$1 to $A1; this is the biggest platform trap, because on a Mac it is Cmd+T and not F4.	`F4Cmd`+`T`
Show formulas instead of resultsFlips the sheet to showing formulas instead of results; the key is the grave accent to the left of the 1.	`Ctrl`+`
Recalculate every open workbookRecalculates the changed formulas in every open workbook; on a Mac the key is Cmd+= rather than F9, and it matters most when automatic calculation is off.	`F9Cmd`+`=`
Recalculate this sheet onlyRecalculates only the sheet in front of you; it exists so you can avoid the full sweep of F9 in a heavy workbook.	`Shift`+`F9`
Evaluate one piece of a formulaSelect one piece of a formula in the formula bar and this shows what that piece returns; leave with Esc, because Enter replaces the piece with its value for good.	`F9`
Expand or collapse the formula barGrows the formula bar to several lines and shrinks it back; useful for reading a long nested IF without it covering the sheet for good.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`U`
Open the Name ManagerOpens the window for named ranges; Ctrl+F3 on Windows manages the whole list of names, while Cmd+F3 on a Mac opens Define Name for one new name.	`Ctrl`+`F3Cmd`+`F3`
Turn AutoFilter on or offTurns the filter arrows on the header row on and off; switching it off throws away the conditions you set, so clear the filter instead when you only want to peek at everything.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`LCmd`+`Shift`+`L`
Turn the range into a tableTurns the selected range into a real table with headers and a name; on a Mac the very same Cmd+T switches reference styles while you are editing a formula, so context decides.	`Ctrl`+`TCmd`+`T`
FindSearches the sheet or the whole workbook for text; by default it looks at what is displayed, so switch Look in to Formulas to search inside formulas.	`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`F`
Find and replaceReplaces what you find with something else; on a Mac Cmd+H hides the app, which is why replace lives on Cmd+Shift+H.	`Ctrl`+`HCmd`+`Shift`+`H`
Freeze the top rows or first columnsPins the header rows so only the body scrolls; neither platform has a default combination, so you use the View menu, and the line is drawn above and to the left of the selected cell — pick the cell just below the headers first.	Not on this system
Open Save AsOpens the dialog for saving under a new name or another format; on a Mac it is Cmd+Shift+S rather than F12.	`F12Cmd`+`Shift`+`S`
Show the print previewShows how the sheet will break across pages before you print; the combination is Windows only, and on a Mac the preview sits inside the Cmd+P print dialog.	`Ctrl`+`F2`Not on this system
Insert a threaded commentAttaches a modern threaded comment that others can reply to; plain Shift+F2 inserts the old-style note instead, and the two are not the same thing.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`F2Cmd`+`Shift`+`F2`
Check spellingRuns a spell check over the sheet or the selected range, skipping the formulas and looking only at visible text.	`F7`

Word45

Press Alt in Word for Windows and every ribbon button shows a letter, so even a command with no combination is reachable as a sequence — Office for Mac has no such key tips.

Action	Keys
Apply the Heading 1 stylePuts the paragraph into the document outline as Heading 1; the Navigation pane and the table of contents read the style, so a line you merely made big and bold is invisible to both.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`1Cmd`+`Option`+`1`
Apply the Heading 2 styleApplies the next level down; with no Heading 1 above it the outline nests oddly, so it is safest to work down the levels in order from the top of the document.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`2Cmd`+`Option`+`2`
Apply the Heading 3 styleThe third outline level; Word ships bindings for three levels only, so Heading 4 and below have to be picked from the style gallery or the Styles pane.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`3Cmd`+`Option`+`3`
Apply the Normal styleSends the paragraph back to the Normal style; only the style changes, so bold or colour you applied by hand survives and needs clearing separately.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`NCmd`+`Shift`+`N`
Open the Apply Styles boxOpens the small box where you type a style name; Word for Mac has no separate Apply Styles box — its sidebar Styles pane does both jobs — so no binding exists there.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`S`Not on this system
Open the Styles paneOpens the Styles pane listing every style in the document; Word for Mac keeps that pane in its Toolbox with no default binding, so you have to assign one under Tools and Customize Keyboard.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Alt`+`S`Not on this system
Search the documentSearches the document; on Windows it opens the Navigation pane on the left rather than a dialog, listing every hit, and its Headings tab doubles as a way to jump around.	`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`F`
Find and replaceOpens Find and Replace on the Replace tab; on the Mac it stays on Ctrl instead of moving to Cmd, because macOS already spends Cmd+H on hiding the app.	`Ctrl`+`H`
Go to a page or a bookmarkJumps straight to a page number, a bookmark or a table you name; the Mac adds Option because Cmd+G there already means find next.	`Ctrl`+`GCmd`+`Option`+`G`
Turn Track Changes on or offTurns Track Changes recording on and off; switching it off only stops recording, so marks already in the file stay, and marks you cannot see are hidden by the Display for Review setting instead.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ECmd`+`Shift`+`E`
Insert a commentAttaches a comment to the selection; unusually the Mac uses A where Windows uses M, and with nothing selected it anchors to the word under the cursor.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`MCmd`+`Option`+`A`
Insert a page breakBreaks the page here and pushes the text to the top of the next one; the break stays put as the text above grows, and the section break you need for separate headers or page numbering has no default binding at all.	`Ctrl`+`EnterCmd`+`Return`
Insert a column breakEnds the column and moves the text to the top of the next one; in a single-column document that looks just like a page break, which is why people think they inserted a section break.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`EnterCmd`+`Shift`+`Return`
Single line spacingSets the line spacing to single; it applies to the whole paragraph even if you selected one word, and the space before and after the paragraph is a separate setting that can still look wide.	`Ctrl`+`1Cmd`+`1`
1.5 line spacingSets 1.5-line spacing, the value most often demanded for submitted work; applied this way it becomes direct formatting on that paragraph rather than part of the style.	`Ctrl`+`5Cmd`+`5`
Double line spacingSets double line spacing; if space after the paragraph is still switched on the result looks wider than what was asked for, so check both values together.	`Ctrl`+`2Cmd`+`2`
Align the paragraph leftAligns the paragraph left; inside a table it moves only the text in that cell, while the cell's own alignment lives in the table tools.	`Ctrl`+`LCmd`+`L`
Centre the paragraphCentres the paragraph; unlike padding a title with spaces, it stays centred when the margins change.	`Ctrl`+`ECmd`+`E`
Align the paragraph rightAligns the paragraph right, the usual choice for a date or a signature line; applied to a line you had pushed with tabs, the leftover tabs open odd gaps.	`Ctrl`+`RCmd`+`R`
Justify the paragraphStretches the lines to both margins; it pads the gaps between words, so long words open rivers of white space, and the last line of the paragraph is left alone.	`Ctrl`+`JCmd`+`J`
Create a hanging indentIndents every line but the first, the shape a bibliography entry needs; each press moves the indent one tab stop deeper.	`Ctrl`+`TCmd`+`T`
Remove a hanging indentSteps the hanging indent back one stop; an indent you pushed several times has to be pulled back the same number of times, and the paragraph's own left indent stays.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`TCmd`+`Shift`+`T`
Cycle the case of the selectionCycles the selection through sentence case, lower case and upper case; it rewrites the letters themselves, unlike the all-capitals format, so undoing it means cycling round again.	`Shift`+`F3`
Copy the formatting of the selectionPicks up the formatting of the selection without touching the Format Painter button; Microsoft moved this off the old Ctrl+Shift+C, so long-standing habits and older builds answer to the other pair.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`CCmd`+`Option`+`C`
Paste the copied formattingApplies the formatting you picked up to the current selection; the words stay, only their formatting changes, and one pick-up can be pasted onto several places in a row.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`VCmd`+`Option`+`V`
Remove manual character formattingStrips the character formatting you applied by hand and leaves what the style defines; it stays on Ctrl on the Mac, where the same combination also switches input sources and can swallow the keystroke.	`Ctrl`+`Space`
SuperscriptRaises the text into superscript; it stays on as you keep typing, so press it again once the raised character is done.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`PlusCmd`+`Shift`+`Plus`
SubscriptDrops the text into subscript, the way a chemical formula wants it; it cannot be on at the same time as superscript.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`MinusCmd`+`Shift`+`Minus`
StrikethroughDraws a line through the text; only the Mac has a binding, because Word for Windows ships none — there you click it in the Font group on the Home tab or assign a combination yourself.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Shift`+`X`
Small capsShows lower-case letters as small capitals; the letters underneath are still lower case, so pasting them somewhere unformatted brings the small letters back.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`KCmd`+`Shift`+`K`
All capitalsDisplays the selection in capitals; this is formatting rather than a rewrite, so a search for the lower-case word still finds it.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ACmd`+`Shift`+`A`
Underline the words but not the spacesUnderlines the words but skips the spaces between them, which keeps a heading line from looking like one long rule.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`WCmd`+`Shift`+`W`
Double underlineUnderlines with two lines, the accounting convention for a total row; it and the plain underline replace each other rather than stacking.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`DCmd`+`Shift`+`D`
Insert a non-breaking spaceKeeps two words on the same line — the fix for a number torn from its unit, or a name split at the line end; with formatting marks on it shows as a small circle instead of a dot.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`SpaceOption`+`Space`
Insert a non-breaking hyphenStops a line from breaking at a hyphen, so a phone number or a part number is not split in half at the margin; it looks like a normal hyphen but is a different character.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`MinusShift`+`Option`+`Minus`
Show or hide formatting marksReveals paragraph marks, spaces and the page or section breaks on screen; none of it prints, and a blank page you cannot delete usually explains itself the moment this is on.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`8Cmd`+`Shift`+`8`
Open the Word Count boxShows the count of words, characters, pages and paragraphs in one box; with text selected it counts only the selection, and Word for Mac ships no binding for it — click the count in the status bar instead.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`G`Not on this system
Insert a footnoteDrops a footnote number where the cursor is and takes you to the bottom of the page; the numbering is automatic, so inserting one in the middle renumbers the rest.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`FCmd`+`Option`+`F`
Insert an endnoteInserts an endnote, which collects at the end of the document or section; the trap is that Windows uses D while the Mac uses E, so working on both machines you often get the wrong kind of note.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`DCmd`+`Option`+`E`
SaveSaves the document where it already lives; on a cloud file with AutoSave on it is being saved anyway, so the keystroke mostly marks a point in time.	`Ctrl`+`SCmd`+`S`
Open Save AsSaves again under a new name, place or file type; the way out to PDF is one of the types in that list, and there is no separate binding just for PDF.	`F12Cmd`+`Shift`+`S`
PrintOpens printing; on Windows the preview and the settings share one screen, so there is no separate step just to look at the preview.	`Ctrl`+`PCmd`+`P`
Insert a hyperlinkAttaches a link to the selection; with nothing selected you get a link that shows the address itself, and on an existing link it opens the edit box instead.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Turn on extend selectionTurns on extend-selection mode; while it is on every arrow key grows the selection, repeated presses jump from word to sentence to paragraph, and until Esc switches it off ordinary typing behaves strangely.	`F8`
Jump to the Search box on the ribbonPuts the cursor in the ribbon Search box so you can run a command by name; the whole Alt key-tip system belongs to Windows, and Office for Mac has no key tips at all.	`Alt`+`Q`Not on this system

PowerPoint40

Half of PowerPoint's shortcuts only listen while the show is running — blanking the screen with B, the laser on Ctrl+L — and in edit view those same keys do something else entirely.

Action	Keys
Start the slide show from the first slideRuns the deck full screen from slide one; it always goes back to the first slide no matter which one you were editing, and with two displays the show moves to the external one.	`F5Cmd`+`Shift`+`Return`
Start the show from the current slideStarts the show from the slide you are on — the one you want after ducking out to fix a line — and hidden slides are still skipped.	`Shift`+`F5Cmd`+`Return`
Start Presenter ViewOpens the presenter screen with your notes, the next slide and a timer; with a single display it takes over that one screen, so check your second display before you rely on it.	`Alt`+`F5Option`+`Return`
Go to the next slideAdvances the show; it only listens while you are presenting — in edit view it just types the letter — and on an animated slide each press plays one step before the slide changes.	`N`
Go back to the previous slideSteps the show backwards; animations rewind one step at a time as well, so getting to the previous slide can take several presses.	`P`
Jump to a slide by its numberType a slide number and confirm to jump straight there; it works during the show only, the digits never appear on screen, and this is one way to reach a hidden slide.	`Number`·`EnterNumber`·`Return`
Black out the screenBlanks the screen to black; the show is still running and one more press brings it back, but people who do not know that decide the projector has died.	`B`
White out the screenBlanks the screen to white — the choice in a dark room where black looks like a failure — and like the black version it only answers during the show.	`W`
Turn the pointer into a laserTurns the mouse pointer into a red laser dot; it works only while presenting, and in edit view the same combination aligns text to the left instead.	`Ctrl`+`LCmd`+`L`
Turn the pointer into a penTurns the pointer into a pen so you can draw on the slide while presenting; ending the show asks whether to keep the ink, and in edit view the same combination prints.	`Ctrl`+`PCmd`+`P`
Pick up the eraserPicks up the eraser for ink you drew; the Mac uses a Shift combination rather than Cmd, and you then click a stroke to remove it one at a time.	`Ctrl`+`EShift`+`E`
Bring the arrow pointer backBrings the ordinary arrow back after the pen or the laser; that is the presenting meaning, while in edit view the same combination selects every object on the slide.	`Ctrl`+`ACmd`+`A`
End the slide showLeaves the show and returns to editing; if you drew with the pen it asks whether to keep or discard the ink first, and a hurried Keep writes those scribbles into the file.	`Esc`
Insert a new slideAdds a slide after the current one; the Mac had to move this because Cmd+M minimises the window there, and the new slide inherits the layout of the one before it.	`Ctrl`+`MCmd`+`Shift`+`N`
Duplicate the selected slideCopies the whole slide in place, right after the original; the notes, the animations and the transition come along, and it is a different combination from duplicating a single object.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`DCmd`+`Shift`+`D`
Move the slide up in the orderMoves the selected slide one position earlier; the slide itself has to be selected in the thumbnail pane or slide sorter — with the cursor sitting in text nothing in the order budges.	`Ctrl`+`UpCmd`+`Up`
Move the slide down in the orderMoves the selected slide one position later; select several and they travel as a block, and with a section selected the whole section moves.	`Ctrl`+`DownCmd`+`Down`
Switch between the outline and the thumbnailsSwaps the left pane between the thumbnails and the outline; in the outline you type titles and bullets as plain text, which is the fastest way to rough out a deck.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Tab`
Promote the bullet one levelRaises the bullet one outline level; the Mac uses bracket keys rather than arrows, and outside a text placeholder or the outline nothing happens at all.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`LeftCmd`+`[`
Demote the bullet one levelDrops the bullet one level; Tab at the start of the line does the same inside a placeholder, but in a table Tab means next cell, which is where the confusion starts.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`RightCmd`+`]`
Group the selected objectsBinds the selected objects into one; it needs two or more, and a group animates as a single thing, so group only what should move together.	`Ctrl`+`GCmd`+`Option`+`G`
Ungroup the selected groupBreaks a group back into separate objects; run it on SmartArt or a chart and you get a heap of plain shapes that can never be turned back, with Undo as the only way out.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`GCmd`+`Shift`+`Option`+`G`
Send the object back one positionSends the object back one position in the stack; it is one step, not all the way to the bottom, so a pile of overlapping shapes takes that many presses.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`[Cmd`+`Shift`+`Option`+`B`
Bring the object forward one positionBrings the object forward one position; it is the twin of send backward, and the bring-it-all-the-way-to-the-front command is a separate item in the Arrange menu.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`]Cmd`+`Shift`+`Option`+`F`
Duplicate the selected objectDuplicates the selected object slightly offset from the original; press it again and the offset repeats, which lines up a row of identical shapes.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Select the next object on the slideCycles through the objects on the slide one at a time; with the cursor inside a text box the same key indents instead, so press Esc to leave the text first.	`Tab`
Open Paste SpecialPastes in a form you choose — as a picture, or as unformatted text; the Mac is one of the rare places that wants Ctrl alongside Cmd.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`VCtrl`+`Cmd`+`V`
Copy the animation of an objectPicks up the animation on an object; it takes the whole set of effects rather than one, so an object with several stacked effects hands over all of them.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`CCmd`+`Shift`+`Option`+`C`
Paste the copied animationApplies the animation you picked up to the selected object; whatever effects it had are replaced rather than added to, so decide the order before you paste.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`VCmd`+`Shift`+`Option`+`V`
Open the Animations tabOpens the Animations tab on the ribbon; the Animation Pane itself has no binding, so you open the tab and click the button, and Office for Mac has no Alt key tips at all.	`Alt`+`A`Not on this system
Insert a text boxDraws a text box anywhere on the slide; the keys are pressed in sequence, not together, and Office for Mac has no key tips, so there you use the Insert menu.	`Alt`+`N`·`X`Not on this system
Insert a shapeOpens the shape gallery so you can draw a rectangle or an arrow; the gallery appears only after the last letter of the sequence, and the arrow keys can pick the shape too.	`Alt`+`N`·`S`·`H`Not on this system
Insert a picture from this deviceInserts a picture file from this device; online pictures and stock images sit beside it in the same menu, so the wrong last letter opens the wrong browser.	`Alt`+`N`·`P`·`D`Not on this system
Open the Clipboard paneOpens the Clipboard pane listing what you copied recently; ordinary pasting only gives you the last item, while this pane lets you pick an earlier one.	`Alt`+`H`·`F`·`O`Not on this system
Show or hide the Notes paneShows or hides the notes box under the slide; what you type there is exactly what presenter view shows you, and the audience never sees it.	`Alt`+`W`·`P`·`N`Not on this system
Show or hide the guidesTurns the alignment guides on and off; the Mac wants three modifiers at once, and the lines appear neither in print nor in the show.	`Alt`+`F9Ctrl`+`Cmd`+`Option`+`G`
Show or hide the gridTurns the background grid on and off; unusually both systems use the same key, and making objects snap to that grid is a separate setting.	`Shift`+`F9`
Zoom inZooms the editing view in; the show itself is untouched, so this changes nothing the audience sees and only helps you nudge small type.	`Ctrl`+`PlusCmd`+`Plus`
Zoom outZooms the editing view out; in slide sorter it shrinks the thumbnails instead, fitting more slides on the screen at once.	`Ctrl`+`MinusCmd`+`Minus`
Fit the slide to the windowPuts the zoom back so one whole slide fits the window — the key to press when you zoomed in and lost track of where you were.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`OCmd`+`Option`+`O`

VS Code68

Learn the command palette (Ctrl/Cmd+Shift+P) and you can skip memorising the rest — type a feature name and its shortcut is listed beside it.

Action	Keys
Command paletteRuns any VS Code command by name — F1 opens the same box, and commands with no keybinding can be reached only this way.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`PCmd`+`Shift`+`P`
Go to fileOpens a file from a few letters of its name; append :120 to land on line 120 of it, or @ to jump straight to a symbol inside it.	`Ctrl`+`PCmd`+`P`
Go to lineJumps to a line by number; unusually, it stays Ctrl+G on mac instead of moving to Cmd.	`Ctrl`+`G`
Go to symbol in fileLists the functions and classes of the current file so you can pick one; type one more : to group them by kind.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`OCmd`+`Shift`+`O`
Go to symbol in workspaceFinds a symbol by name across the whole project even when you do not know the file; the list looks empty until the language extension has indexed it.	`Ctrl`+`TCmd`+`T`
Go to definitionJumps to where a name is actually defined; Ctrl+Click, or Cmd+Click on mac, does the same, and Go back brings you home.	`F12`
Peek definitionShows the definition inline in a small window; Esc closes it, and edits you make inside it go into the real file.	`Alt`+`F12Option`+`F12`
Go backReturns to where the cursor just was; Windows uses Alt+Left, but on mac Cmd+[ is already outdent, so it is Ctrl+- there.	`Alt`+`LeftCtrl`+`-`
Go forwardMoves forward again through the places you came back from; on mac this too is Ctrl+Shift+-, not a Cmd combination.	`Alt`+`RightCtrl`+`Shift`+`-`
Jump to matching bracketSends the cursor to the matching bracket; the cursor has to sit next to a bracket for it to move, and pressing it again comes back.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`\Cmd`+`Shift`+`\`
Next problemMoves to the next problem in the file and pops up its message; it walks warnings and hints too, not just errors, so there are more stops than you expect.	`F8`
Previous problemSteps one problem backwards; the walk wraps around at the top of the file, so you can meet the same spot twice.	`Shift`+`F8`
Find in this fileSearches inside the current file; in the find box Enter means next match, and Alt+Enter, or Option+Enter on mac, selects every match at once.	`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`F`
Find nextMoves to the next match; Windows uses F3 while mac uses Cmd+G, which is the pair people most often mix up when they work on both.	`F3Cmd`+`G`
Find previousSteps back to the previous match; with the find box open, Shift+Enter does the same thing.	`Shift`+`F3Cmd`+`Shift`+`G`
Replace in this fileOpens find with a replace row; on mac it is not Cmd+H, because macOS already took that to hide the app, so VS Code uses Cmd+Option+F.	`Ctrl`+`HCmd`+`Option`+`F`
Find in all filesSearches the whole project, including files you never opened; anything matched by .gitignore or files.exclude is skipped, so toggle those in the search options when a hit is missing.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`FCmd`+`Shift`+`F`
Replace in all filesReplaces across the whole project at once; you can expand the per-file preview before Replace All, and undo afterwards is file by file, so it is hard to take back.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`HCmd`+`Shift`+`H`
Add a cursor with the mouseDrops an extra cursor wherever you click — Alt+Click on Windows and Linux, Option+Click on mac — and Esc collapses them back to one.	`Alt`+`ClickOption`+`Click`
Add cursor aboveStacks another cursor on the line above at the same column; short lines put the cursor at their end instead.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`UpCmd`+`Option`+`Up`
Add cursor belowStacks another cursor on the line below at the same column; on mac it is Cmd+Option+Down, which rarely collides with system shortcuts.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`DownCmd`+`Option`+`Down`
Add cursor at next occurrenceAdds a cursor at the next place the selection appears; with nothing selected the first press grabs the word under the cursor, and Ctrl+U, or Cmd+U on mac, removes the cursor you just added.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Select every occurrence of the selectionSelects every occurrence of the selection in the file at once; in a big file that can mean hundreds of cursors and a slow editor, so renaming is safer with F2.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`LCmd`+`Shift`+`L`
Select every occurrence of the wordSelects every occurrence of the word under the cursor so you can edit them together; you do not need a selection first, and it matches whole words only.	`Ctrl`+`F2Cmd`+`F2`
Cursor at the end of every selected linePuts one cursor at the end of each selected line — the way to append a comma or semicolon to many lines — so select the lines first.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`IShift`+`Option`+`I`
Column selectionSelects a rectangular block across lines; with the mouse it is Shift+Alt+drag, or Shift+Option+drag on mac, and lines too short to reach the column contribute nothing.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Alt`+`DownCmd`+`Shift`+`Option`+`Down`
Select the current lineSelects the whole line the cursor is on, newline included; press it again and the selection grows one line at a time.	`Ctrl`+`LCmd`+`L`
Expand selectionGrows the selection one syntax layer at a time — word, then string, then argument, then the whole call — rather than word by word.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`RightCtrl`+`Cmd`+`Shift`+`Right`
Shrink selectionPeels the syntax layers back off one at a time; it is the twin of expand, so overshooting by one layer costs nothing.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`LeftCtrl`+`Cmd`+`Shift`+`Left`
Move line upLifts the whole line up one row and re-indents it for its new place; no selection is needed, and a selected block moves together.	`Alt`+`UpOption`+`Up`
Move line downDrops the whole line down one row; unlike cut and paste it never touches the clipboard, so whatever you copied is still there.	`Alt`+`DownOption`+`Down`
Copy line upDuplicates the line and puts the copy above; VS Code ships no separate duplicate-line keybinding, so this is the one people are looking for.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`UpShift`+`Option`+`Up`
Copy line downDuplicates the line below and leaves the cursor in the copy, so you can start editing the new line right away.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`DownShift`+`Option`+`Down`
Delete lineDeletes the line under the cursor even with nothing selected; the line does not go to the clipboard, so cut it with Ctrl+X if you mean to paste it back.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`KCmd`+`Shift`+`K`
Insert line belowOpens a new line below and moves there from anywhere in the line, so you never have to walk the cursor to the end and press Enter.	`Ctrl`+`EnterCmd`+`Enter`
Insert line aboveOpens a new line above and moves there from anywhere in the line — the quickest way to slip in an import or a comment.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`EnterCmd`+`Shift`+`Enter`
Indent lineIndents the whole line wherever the cursor sits; Tab only does this when text is selected, otherwise it inserts a tab at the cursor.	`Ctrl`+`]Cmd`+`]`
Outdent lineOutdents the line by one step; because mac spends Cmd+[ here, Go back had to move to Ctrl+- there.	`Ctrl`+`[Cmd`+`[`
Toggle line commentComments the line out or brings it back; the comment characters come from the file's language mode, so a wrong mode inserts the wrong marker.	`Ctrl`+`/Cmd`+`/`
Toggle block commentWraps the selection in an opening and closing comment; languages without block comments fall back to line comments, and with no selection it opens an empty pair at the cursor.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`AShift`+`Option`+`A`
Trim trailing whitespaceStrips the spaces left at the end of every line; turn on files.trimTrailingWhitespace to have it happen on every save.	`Ctrl`+`K`·`Ctrl`+`XCmd`+`K`·`Cmd`+`X`
Format documentReformats the whole file with the formatter for that language; with no formatter installed nothing happens except a prompt asking you to pick one.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`FShift`+`Option`+`F`
Format selectionReformats only what you selected — the way out when formatting the whole file would touch other people's lines and muddy the commit.	`Ctrl`+`K`·`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`K`·`Cmd`+`F`
Rename symbolRenames a symbol together with every reference to it; the language server understands the code, so the same letters inside strings and comments are left alone.	`F2`
Quick fixOpens the lightbulb menu of fixes; it opens where there is no error too, offering missing imports and small refactors.	`Ctrl`+`.Cmd`+`.`
Trigger suggestionsCalls up the completion list by hand; on mac it is Ctrl+Space as well, so it clashes for anyone who left the input-source switch on that key.	`Ctrl`+`Space`
Parameter hintsShows the argument list of the call you are inside; it disappears once the cursor leaves the parentheses, so press it in there.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`SpaceCmd`+`Shift`+`Space`
Fold regionFolds the innermost block that contains the cursor; folding is only a view state and changes nothing in the file.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`[Cmd`+`Option`+`[`
Unfold regionUnfolds one layer at the cursor; pasting onto a folded line drops the text inside the hidden part, so it is better to unfold first.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`]Cmd`+`Option`+`]`
Fold all regionsFolds every region in the file at once so only the skeleton is left; the last key is the digit 0, not the letter O.	`Ctrl`+`K`·`Ctrl`+`0Cmd`+`K`·`Cmd`+`0`
Unfold all regionsUnfolds everything in the file; press it first when a search hit seems to be hiding inside something you forgot you folded.	`Ctrl`+`K`·`Ctrl`+`JCmd`+`K`·`Cmd`+`J`
Split editorSplits the editor and shows the same file side by side; both panes are one document, so an edit in one appears at once in the other.	`Ctrl`+`\Cmd`+`\`
Close editorCloses the current tab only; the window itself goes with Ctrl+Shift+W, and an unsaved file asks before it goes.	`Ctrl`+`WCmd`+`W`
Reopen closed editorBrings back the tab you just closed; it walks the closed list backwards, so pressing it again reaches the one before that.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`TCmd`+`Shift`+`T`
Switch to another open editorMoves between the editors you have open; by default the order is most recently used rather than the tab order, and holding Ctrl keeps the list on screen.	`Ctrl`+`Tab`
Toggle the sidebarHides and shows the left sidebar to widen the code; reopening brings back whichever view you had there.	`Ctrl`+`BCmd`+`B`
Toggle the bottom panelCollapses the whole bottom panel; unlike Ctrl+` which only toggles the terminal, this takes terminal, problems and output away together.	`Ctrl`+`JCmd`+`J`
Zen modeHides every frame and leaves only the text; to get out you press Esc twice in a row, since one press does nothing.	`Ctrl`+`K`·`ZCmd`+`K`·`Z`
Toggle word wrapWraps long lines to the width of the window; only the display changes and no line breaks are written into the file.	`Alt`+`ZOption`+`Z`
Show the problems panelOpens one list of the errors and warnings in the project; entries appear without opening the files, so the count here can differ from the squiggles you see.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`MCmd`+`Shift`+`M`
Source control viewOpens the view of changed and staged files; on mac it is Ctrl+Shift+G with Ctrl, not Cmd, and staging itself has no default key, so use the command palette.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`G`
Extensions viewSearch, install and disable extensions in one place; you can also disable one for this workspace only from here.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`XCmd`+`Shift`+`X`
Open settingsOpens the settings screen; to edit the file itself you have to open the user settings JSON from the command palette.	`Ctrl`+`,Cmd`+`,`
Keyboard shortcuts editorOpens the screen where you read and change the key bindings; the record button captures chords such as Ctrl+K Ctrl+S exactly as you type them.	`Ctrl`+`K`·`Ctrl`+`SCmd`+`K`·`Cmd`+`S`
Change the file languageChanges which language this file is read as; it applies to this file only, so remapping a whole extension means editing the file associations in settings.	`Ctrl`+`K`·`MCmd`+`K`·`M`
Markdown previewRenders the markdown; opened with Ctrl+K V, or Cmd+K V on mac, it sits beside the source and scrolls with it.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`VCmd`+`Shift`+`V`
Toggle the integrated terminalOpens and closes the built-in terminal; on mac it is Ctrl+` with Ctrl, not Cmd, and the backtick is the key left of the 1.	`Ctrl`+`
New terminalCreates another terminal instead of returning to the open one, which is how you keep a server running and still type commands.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`

IntelliJ IDEA60

IntelliJ IDEA ships a different default keymap per platform, and two of them on macOS — "macOS" and "macOS System Shortcuts" — so when nothing works, look at Keymap in Settings first; whichever you pick then serves PyCharm, WebStorm, GoLand and Android Studio unchanged.

Action	Keys
Search everywhereOne box that searches classes, files, symbols, actions and settings; Tab narrows it to a single tab. It does not search inside file contents — that is Find in Files — and the two taps must be quick or nothing opens.	`Shift`·`Shift`
Find actionRuns any IDE command by name, including the many that have no key of their own, and prints each command's shortcut beside it — so it teaches you the rest of this page. If you memorise one shortcut here, memorise this one.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ACmd`+`Shift`+`A`
Recent files popupLists the files you opened recently in this project; closed tabs stay on the list, so this beats hunting for a reopen command. The left column of the same popup holds the tool windows, and the arrow keys cross between the two columns.	`Ctrl`+`ECmd`+`E`
Go to classOpens a class by name, and typing only its capitals — HMap for HashMap — is enough. The Mac keymap uses the O key here, not N, and both letters mislead: Ctrl+N means "new" in nearly every other Windows program, and Cmd+O means "open a file" on a Mac.	`Ctrl`+`NCmd`+`O`
Go to fileOpens a file by name; you can mix in a path fragment such as util/date, and appending :120 to the name lands you on that line. The Mac keymap again uses O rather than N.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`NCmd`+`Shift`+`O`
Go to symbolUse it when you know a method or field name but not which file holds it. On a Mac remember that Cmd+Option+O opens this box, which is why Optimize Imports had to sit on Ctrl+Option+O instead — press the Cmd version and you get this list.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Alt`+`NCmd`+`Option`+`O`
Go to lineJumps to a line number. This is where the two keymaps trip you up worst: on a Mac the Windows habit lands on Ctrl+G, which does not jump anywhere — it adds the next occurrence of the word to your selection.	`Ctrl`+`GCmd`+`L`
Go to declarationWith the caret on a name, it goes to where that name is declared; Ctrl- or Cmd-clicking the name does the same. Press it while the caret is already on the declaration and it does not jump — it shows the list of usages instead, which people misread as a failure.	`Ctrl`+`BCmd`+`B`
Go to implementationFrom an interface or an abstract method, it goes to the code that actually implements it. When there is exactly one implementation it jumps straight there with no popup, which can look like nothing happened.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`BCmd`+`Option`+`B`
Find usagesCollects every place the name is used into a tool window, grouped by kind. On a Mac the F-row is media keys by default, so this only changes the volume unless you turn on "Use F1, F2, etc. as standard function keys" or hold Fn as well.	`Alt`+`F7Option`+`F7`
Go backWalks back through the places your caret has been, not through tabs, so it often moves inside the same file. On some Windows machines the Intel graphics driver grabs this combination first and rotates the screen — turn the driver's hotkeys off if that happens.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`LeftCmd`+`Option`+`Left`
Go forwardOnly retraces the trail that Back created; move somewhere new and the forward trail is gone. If the screen rotates on Windows instead, the Intel graphics driver owns this combination.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`RightCmd`+`Option`+`Right`
File structure popupPops up the methods and fields of the file you are in; just type to filter and press Enter to jump. On a Mac plain F12 is a system key, so the combination can be swallowed before the IDE sees it; the Structure tool window is the version that stays open.	`Ctrl`+`F12Cmd`+`F12`
Project tool windowOpens and closes the project file tree. Focus decides what happens: press it while the tree already has focus and the window closes and hands focus back to the editor, whereas Esc leaves the window open and only returns focus.	`Alt`+`1Cmd`+`1`
Structure tool windowDocks the structure of the current file beside the editor; unlike the popup it stays as you move between files, and it remembers its sorting and filtering settings.	`Alt`+`7Cmd`+`7`
Toggle the built-in terminalShows and hides the shell built into the IDE. While it has focus the editor's shortcuts go to the shell instead: Ctrl+C interrupts what is running rather than copying, and Ctrl+D ends the session.	`Alt`+`F12Option`+`F12`
Basic code completionSuggests the names that can stand where the caret is; press it a second time and it reaches classes you have not imported yet and writes the import for you. When it does nothing on a Mac, the cause is almost always macOS taking this combination for switching input sources before the IDE ever sees it — precisely why JetBrains ships a second Mac keymap.	`Ctrl`+`Space`
Smart code completionCuts the suggestion list down to what actually fits the expected type, which pays off most inside an argument list or after a return. On a Mac this combination also collides with switching input sources and can be swallowed.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Space`
Complete the statementCloses the statement for you — missing brackets, parentheses, semicolon — and moves the caret to where you would keep typing. It is not just a newline: given an if or a for it also builds the body, so it moves more than you expect.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`EnterCmd`+`Shift`+`Enter`
Parameter infoShows the parameter list of the call the caret sits inside and marks which one you are filling in. The caret has to be between the parentheses, and in every other program these keys mean Print, which makes the first attempt feel wrong.	`Ctrl`+`PCmd`+`P`
Quick documentationShows the doc comment and signature of whatever is under the caret without leaving the file. This is the harshest split on the page: the Mac keymap puts it on Ctrl+J, and that same Ctrl+J inserts a Live Template on Windows. On Linux desktops Ctrl+Q often quits the application instead.	`Ctrl`+`QCtrl`+`J`
Quick-fixes and intention actionsOffers everything the IDE can do to whatever is under the caret. Most people press it only on red text, but the bulk of the list appears when nothing is wrong at all: turn a loop into a stream, add the missing import, split a declaration, flip a condition.	`Alt`+`EnterOption`+`Enter`
Generate codeWrites constructors, getters, equals, overrides and the like. Focus decides which it is: in the editor it generates members, in the project window the same key creates a new file. The Mac binding is Cmd+N, which means "new document" in every other app, and on Windows laptops without an Insert key you have to reach it through Fn.	`Alt`+`InsertCmd`+`N`
Surround withWraps what you have selected in an if, a try, a loop or a lambda. The offer list is only sensible when the selection ends on a statement boundary, so it is usually quicker to square the selection up with expand-selection first.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`TCmd`+`Option`+`T`
Insert a live templateInserts a registered snippet by its abbreviation, and since the popup lists every template you can pick one without remembering the abbreviation. On a Mac the Windows habit lands on Ctrl+J, which shows documentation instead of inserting anything.	`Ctrl`+`JCmd`+`J`
Reformat codeApplies the project's code style: the whole file when nothing is selected, only the selection when there is one. On GNOME and Ubuntu this combination locks the screen, so the Linux default never reaches the IDE until you take the binding away from the desktop.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`LCmd`+`Option`+`L`
Optimize importsDrops the imports nothing uses and puts the rest back in the configured order. On a Mac this one is Ctrl, not Cmd — the Cmd version opens Go to Symbol. Note that once a package passes the project's threshold it may be folded into a single wildcard.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`OCtrl`+`Option`+`O`
Move the line upPushes the line under the caret, or every selected line, one step up. It ignores syntax, so it will happily carry a line out of its block; the sibling action Move Statement (Ctrl+Shift+Up on Windows, Cmd+Shift+Up on a Mac) moves a whole statement and refuses moves that would break the code.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`UpShift`+`Option`+`Up`
Move the line downThe same thing downward. A multi-line selection travels as one block, and it simply stops when it reaches the end of the file.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`DownShift`+`Option`+`Down`
Duplicate the line or selectionCopies the selection, or the whole line when nothing is selected. It confuses people coming from VS Code, where the same keys add a cursor at the next match; here that job belongs to Alt+J on Windows and Ctrl+G on a Mac.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Comment out the lineComments the line, or every selected line, with the language's line comment, and uncomments it if it is already commented. On layouts where the slash needs Shift — German and French among them — the combination sometimes never registers, and you fall back on the numeric keypad slash or a rebinding.	`Ctrl`+`/Cmd`+`/`
Comment out a blockWraps the selection in a block comment. The Mac keymap swaps Shift for Option here, so the usual "take the Windows one and add Cmd" guess fails outright, and in languages that have no block comment nothing happens at all.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`/Cmd`+`Option`+`/`
Column selection modeSwitches the editor to selecting a rectangle instead of whole lines. It is a mode, not a one-off action: leave it on and the editor looks broken afterwards. The Windows form needs an Insert key, so laptops without one have to reach it through Fn.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`InsertCmd`+`Shift`+`8`
Expand the selectionGrows the selection one syntactic layer at a time — word, expression, statement, block. The two keymaps share nothing here, and the Windows form is the key that closes the document in most other programs, so the first press takes nerve.	`Ctrl`+`WOption`+`Up`
Shrink the selectionSteps back down the layers that expanding walked up. It only makes sense as the other half of that pair — one layer too far, then one layer back.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`WOption`+`Down`
Add or remove a caret with the mouseDrops an extra caret wherever you click, and clicking an existing one takes it away again; a single Esc collapses back to one caret. Holding the same modifier and dragging gives you a rectangular selection instead of carets.	`Alt`+`ClickOption`+`Click`
Add the next occurrence to the selectionAdds the next occurrence of the word or selection, with a caret of its own, so you can type over all of them at once. The Mac binding is Ctrl+G, which is Go to Line on Windows — the two keymaps effectively swap the meaning of those keys.	`Alt`+`JCtrl`+`G`
Select every occurrencePuts one caret on every occurrence in the file you are in. It is scoped to that one file, so to change a name across the project use the rename refactoring instead — that one also edits files you never opened.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Alt`+`JCtrl`+`Cmd`+`G`
RenameRenames the declaration and every reference to it at once — including in files you have never opened, and, if you tick the boxes, inside strings and comments too. That reach is what surprises people, so it is worth opening the preview before you apply it.	`Shift`+`F6`
Change the signatureEdits the parameters, their order, the return type and the name in one dialog, and updates every call in the project to match — like rename, it touches files you do not have open. Whatever default you type for a new parameter is what lands at each call site.	`Ctrl`+`F6Cmd`+`F6`
Extract a methodLifts the selection into a method and leaves a call in its place. It also hunts for identical fragments elsewhere and offers to replace those as well, so code far from the caret can change with it.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`MCmd`+`Option`+`M`
Extract a variableGives the expression under the caret a name and pulls it into a variable. Where several expressions overlap at that spot it first asks which one you meant, and skipping past that question with Enter is how people end up extracting the wrong range.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`VCmd`+`Option`+`V`
InlineThe reverse of extracting: it pours a method's body, or a variable's value, back into the places that used it. The dialog offers to do it across the whole project and delete the declaration afterwards, so read what you are agreeing to.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`NCmd`+`Option`+`N`
RunLaunches the run configuration selected in the toolbar — not the file you happen to be looking at. Pressing it with another file open and watching the wrong thing start is the single commonest misunderstanding in this IDE.	`Shift`+`F10Ctrl`+`R`
DebugStarts the same configuration with the debugger attached. On a Mac this is Ctrl+D while Cmd+D duplicates a line, so one wrong modifier edits your code instead of starting a session.	`Shift`+`F9Ctrl`+`D`
Toggle a breakpointPuts a breakpoint on the caret's line or takes it away; clicking the gutter beside the line number does the same. Conditions, and the option to log instead of stopping, live in the dialog you get by right-clicking the marker.	`Ctrl`+`F8Cmd`+`F8`
Step overRuns the current line to its end and stops on the next line of the same method, passing over any calls inside it rather than entering them. The key is the same on both systems, but on a Mac the F-row has to be set to behave as function keys.	`F8`
Step intoEnters the call on the current line. Library and framework frames are skipped according to the debugger's step filters, which is why it sometimes looks as if it merely went to the next line.	`F7`
Step outFinishes the current method and stops back in whatever called it. It is the way out when a step took you deeper than you meant to go.	`Shift`+`F8`
Resume the programLets the paused program run on to the next breakpoint. The two keymaps share nothing here: on a Mac the Windows habit of reaching for F9 leaves the program standing still and throws the screen into Mission Control instead.	`F9Cmd`+`Option`+`R`
Run to the cursorRuns on until the line the caret is on, with no need to put a breakpoint there. If execution takes a path that never reaches that line, nothing stops it and the program simply finishes.	`Alt`+`F9Option`+`F9`
Evaluate an expressionWorks out any expression you type in the frame where the program is paused. It is not a read-only window: write an assignment and you really do change the state of the running program.	`Alt`+`F8Option`+`F8`
CommitOpens the commit window with your changed files gathered in it. It commits and stops there — nothing reaches the remote until you push separately.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Update the projectPulls what is on the remote into your working copy. On a Mac the neighbouring Ctrl+T is Refactor This, so the Windows habit opens a refactoring menu instead of fetching anything.	`Ctrl`+`TCmd`+`T`
Show the diffThe clearest case of focus deciding the outcome: pressed in the commit or version-control window it opens the before-and-after of the selected file, while the very same keys in the editor duplicate a line.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Next editor tabMoves one step to the right along the row of open tabs. macOS uses the Mac combination for "move one space right", so unless you free it in Keyboard settings you switch desktops instead of tabs — one of the reasons the second Mac keymap exists.	`Alt`+`RightCtrl`+`Right`
Previous editor tabThe same thing leftward. It walks the tab bar, not your visit history, so to get back to the code you were just reading use going back instead.	`Alt`+`LeftCtrl`+`Left`
Close the editor tabCloses the editor tab you are on. The Mac binding matches other apps, but on Windows Ctrl+W is already taken by expanding the selection, which is why closing moved onto a function key — and its neighbour Alt+F4 closes the whole IDE, not the tab.	`Ctrl`+`F4Cmd`+`W`
Toggle a bookmarkMarks this line as a place to come back to. Both systems collide with something outside the IDE here: F3 opens Mission Control on a Mac and F11 is browser fullscreen on Windows, and rows like this one are exactly why the "macOS System Shortcuts" keymap exists.	`F11F3`
Show the bookmark listGathers the lines you marked into one list you can jump from. The Mac side has nothing in common with the Windows side, and even that combination is "show desktop" on macOS, so you have to free it first.	`Shift`+`F11Cmd`+`F3`

Chrome45

Reopening a closed tab (Ctrl/Cmd+Shift+T) and jumping to the address bar (Ctrl/Cmd+L) alone cut most of your trips to the mouse.

Action	Keys
New tabOpens an empty tab in the current window with the cursor already in the address bar; a separate window is Ctrl+N.	`Ctrl`+`TCmd`+`T`
Reopen closed tabBrings back the tab you just closed, and pressing it again walks further back; a whole closed window returns with its tabs.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`TCmd`+`Shift`+`T`
Next tabMoves one tab to the right and wraps around at the end; on a Mac the listed key is Cmd+Option+Right, though Ctrl+Tab works too.	`Ctrl`+`TabCmd`+`Option`+`Right`
Previous tabMoves one tab to the left and wraps to the last one; it never crosses into another window, only cycles inside this one.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`TabCmd`+`Option`+`Left`
Jump to tab 1Jumps straight to the leftmost tab; Ctrl+2 through Ctrl+8 pick the next ones, counted by position on the strip rather than by recent use.	`Ctrl`+`1Cmd`+`1`
Jump to last tabGoes to the rightmost tab however many are open; unlike Ctrl+1 to Ctrl+8 it means the last tab, not the ninth one.	`Ctrl`+`9Cmd`+`9`
Close tabCloses the tab you are looking at with no confirmation; Ctrl+Shift+T brings it back, and closing the last tab closes the window too.	`Ctrl`+`WCmd`+`W`
New windowOpens another window with its own tab strip; it uses the same profile and cookies, so you stay logged in.	`Ctrl`+`NCmd`+`N`
New incognito windowOpens a window that keeps no history or cookies once you close it; your network and the sites you visit still see you, and downloaded files stay on disk.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`NCmd`+`Shift`+`N`
Close windowCloses the whole window and every tab in it; Ctrl+Shift+T restores the window with its tabs in one go.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`WCmd`+`Shift`+`W`
Task managerShows how much memory and CPU each tab and extension uses and lets you end just one; the key exists on Windows and Linux only, while macOS keeps it in the Window menu.	`Shift`+`EscNone`
Focus address barPuts the cursor in the address bar with the whole URL selected, so typing replaces it; on Windows Alt+D and F6 reach the same place.	`Ctrl`+`LCmd`+`L`
Search from address barOpens the address bar ready to query your default search engine instead of a URL; on Windows Ctrl+E does the same.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`Option`+`F`
BackSteps one entry back in this tab's own history; hold the key to get the list of where you can go back to.	`Alt`+`LeftCmd`+`Left`
ForwardGoes forward again as far as you went back; opening a new address after going back erases the forward path.	`Alt`+`RightCmd`+`Right`
Open homepageLoads the homepage set in settings into this tab; that address can differ from the new-tab page, and the key works even with the home button hidden.	`Alt`+`HomeCmd`+`Shift`+`H`
Scroll one screenScrolls down one screen, and Shift+Space goes back up; with the cursor inside a text field it just types a space, so press Esc first.	`Space`
Jump to topJumps to the very top of the page in one press; on a Mac it is Cmd+Up, and on laptops without a Home key Fn+Left plays that part.	`HomeCmd`+`Up`
Jump to bottomDrops to the bottom of the page; on a page that loads more as you scroll it only reaches the end of what has loaded so far.	`EndCmd`+`Down`
Caret browsingPuts a text cursor inside the page so you can select text with the keyboard alone; a dialog asks the first time, and F7 again turns it off.	`F7`
ReloadFetches the same address again, but images, CSS and JS can still come from cache — which is why a file you just fixed sometimes does not show up.	`Ctrl`+`RCmd`+`R`
Hard reloadReloads while skipping the cache so images and scripts are fetched from the server again; it only affects the page in front of you, and to clear more you open DevTools and pick Empty cache and hard reload.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`RCmd`+`Shift`+`R`
PrintOpens the print preview; what comes out is decided by the site's print stylesheet, so it can look nothing like the screen.	`Ctrl`+`PCmd`+`P`
Save pageSaves the page to disk; the type box chooses complete page (HTML plus a folder of assets) or a single HTML file, and anything you saw while logged in may look different when reopened.	`Ctrl`+`SCmd`+`S`
Open fileOpens the file picker and shows a local file in the tab; the address becomes file://, so anything that needs a server breaks there.	`Ctrl`+`OCmd`+`O`
View sourceShows the HTML the server sent, before scripts touched it; for the structure on screen right now you want the Elements panel in DevTools instead.	`Ctrl`+`UCmd`+`Option`+`U`
Find in pageOpens the find bar and searches the text of this page only; text inside collapsed sections that has not been rendered, and other tabs, stay invisible to it.	`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`F`
Find nextMoves to the next hit in the find bar; Enter does the same while the bar is open, and Ctrl+G keeps going with your last term even after you closed it.	`Ctrl`+`GCmd`+`G`
Find previousWalks the hits backwards; with the find bar open Shift+Enter does the same.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`GCmd`+`Shift`+`G`
Bookmark pageSaves the page as a bookmark, offering the folder you used last; pressing it on an already saved page becomes the edit-or-remove dialog instead.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Show bookmarks barTurns the bar under the address bar on and off; even switched off it still appears on the new-tab page.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`BCmd`+`Shift`+`B`
Bookmark managerOpens the bookmark manager in a tab; Windows uses Ctrl+Shift+O while the Mac key is Cmd+Option+B, so Cmd+Shift+O on a Mac does nothing.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`OCmd`+`Option`+`B`
HistoryOpens the history page; on a Mac it is Cmd+Y, because Cmd+H is the macOS key for hiding an app and Chrome leaves it alone.	`Ctrl`+`HCmd`+`Y`
DownloadsOpens the list of downloads; removing an entry from the list leaves the file on disk, and the Mac key is Cmd+Shift+J.	`Ctrl`+`JCmd`+`Shift`+`J`
Clear browsing dataOpens the dialog for clearing history, cookies and cache; the time range starts short, so unless you set it first you delete less than you meant to.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`DeleteCmd`+`Shift`+`Delete`
Zoom inEnlarges text and images together; the level is remembered per site, and the + lives on the = key so no Shift is needed.	`Ctrl`+`PlusCmd`+`Plus`
Zoom outTakes the zoom down one step; this too is stored per site, so a site that looks oddly small is usually a leftover here.	`Ctrl`+`MinusCmd`+`Minus`
Reset zoomPuts the zoom back to 100% and clears the level remembered for that site.	`Ctrl`+`0Cmd`+`0`
Full screenHides every piece of browser chrome and leaves the page; macOS takes Ctrl+Cmd+F and also Fn+F, and this is not the same as the full screen a video player turns on itself.	`F11Ctrl`+`Cmd`+`F`
Open DevToolsOpens DevTools on whichever panel you had open last; on Windows Ctrl+Shift+I does the same thing.	`F12Cmd`+`Option`+`I`
Open ConsoleOpens DevTools with the cursor already in the Console; it is one step shorter than F12 when you only went to read the errors.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`JCmd`+`Option`+`J`
Inspect elementOpens DevTools in pick mode so your next click lands on that element in the Elements panel; on a Mac Cmd+Shift+C does the same.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`CCmd`+`Option`+`C`
Command menuRuns any DevTools command by typing its name — screenshots, coverage, opening a panel; it only answers while DevTools has focus.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`PCmd`+`Shift`+`P`
Device toolbarTurns on the device toolbar to imitate a screen size and user agent; it does not give you the real device's performance, touch behaviour or fonts.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`MCmd`+`Shift`+`M`
Search across filesSearches every loaded source file, not just the one on screen — bundles and libraries included; on a Mac Cmd+Option+F only means this while DevTools has focus.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`FCmd`+`Option`+`F`

Google Sheets40

It runs inside the browser, so combinations the browser claims first — Ctrl+W, for one — never reach the sheet. That is why so many Sheets shortcuts use Alt/Option.

Action	Keys
Search the menusType the name of a menu item and it takes you straight there; it is the fastest way to reach anything that has no shortcut, and on a Mac it is Option+/.	`Alt`+`/Option`+`/`
Show every shortcutPuts the whole shortcut list on screen, which beats memorising the ones you use twice a year.	`Ctrl`+`/Cmd`+`/`
Insert rows above or columns to the leftInserts above when rows are selected and to the left when columns are selected; what appears is decided by your selection, not by the keys.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`=Cmd`+`Option`+`=`
Delete the selected rows or columnsRemoves the rows or columns you selected; Delete would only clear the contents, while this takes the lines away and pulls the rest in.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`MinusCmd`+`Option`+`Minus`
Insert a row belowAdds one row below; this is a menu walk pressed in order rather than one combination, and in browsers other than Chrome the first step becomes Alt+Shift+I.	`Alt`+`I`·`R`·`BCtrl`+`Option`+`I`·`R`·`B`
Insert a column to the rightAdds one column to the right; it is another menu walk pressed in order, and the last key is the letter O, not a zero.	`Alt`+`I`·`C`·`OCtrl`+`Option`+`I`·`C`·`O`
Select the whole columnSelects the whole column the cell sits in; Cmd+Space belongs to Spotlight on a Mac, so Sheets keeps Ctrl+Space on both systems.	`Ctrl`+`Space`
Select the whole rowSelects the whole row the cell sits in; with the row selected, Ctrl+Alt+Minus deletes that entire row.	`Shift`+`Space`
Fill downFills the selected cells below with the cell above; the combination matches Excel, and Sheets carries the conditional formatting of the source cell along with it.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Fill rightFills the selected cells to the right with the cell on the left, and relative references shift along, so A1 becomes B1.	`Ctrl`+`RCmd`+`R`
Insert a linkAdds a link to the selected cell; existing text becomes the link, and the same box also offers other sheets and ranges inside the file.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Type in today dateTypes today date in as a fixed value; on a Mac it is Cmd+; whereas Excel wants Ctrl+; for the same job, which is easy to mix up.	`Ctrl`+`;Cmd`+`;`
Type in the current timeTypes the current time in as a fixed value; it is the date shortcut plus Shift, which makes the pair easy to remember together.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`;Cmd`+`Shift`+`;`
Paste values onlyPastes only the values, leaving formatting and formulas behind; it is what stops colours and fonts riding along when you copy a table from a web page.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`VCmd`+`Shift`+`V`
Open Paste specialOpens the box where you choose format only, transposed, conditional formatting only and the rest; a browser or keyboard layout can swallow this combination, so knowing the Alt+/ menu route helps.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`VCmd`+`Option`+`V`
Insert a commentAttaches a comment that others can reply to and that sends a notification; unlike a note it lets you call someone with @.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`MCmd`+`Option`+`M`
Insert a noteAttaches a quiet note with no replies and no notifications; it shows only as a dark mark in the corner of the cell and matches the old Excel note.	`Shift`+`F2`
BoldTurns the selected text bold or takes it back; italic sits right beside it on Ctrl+I, or Cmd+I on a Mac.	`Ctrl`+`BCmd`+`B`
UnderlineAdds or removes an underline in the selected cells; it is a different property from the underline a link draws by itself.	`Ctrl`+`UCmd`+`U`
StrikethroughDraws a line through the text so it reads as done; it is the most looked-up Sheets shortcut and the two systems share nothing — Alt+Shift+5 on Windows, Cmd+Shift+X on a Mac.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`5Cmd`+`Shift`+`X`
Centre the contentsCentres the contents of the cell; Excel on Windows has no such combination and needs the ribbon, while Sheets gives it to you in one press on both systems.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ECmd`+`Shift`+`E`
Align leftAligns the contents to the left; in Excel the very same Ctrl+Shift+L toggles the filter, which is the easiest mix-up between the two apps.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`LCmd`+`Shift`+`L`
Align rightAligns the contents to the right; numbers already sit right by default, so needing this key can mean the value came in as text.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`RCmd`+`Shift`+`R`
Clear the formattingStrips the formatting — bold, colour, number format — and leaves the contents alone; it is the opposite of Delete, which removes the value.	`Ctrl`+`\Cmd`+`\`
Draw an outer borderDraws only the outer border of the selection; the inner lines need the other numbers in the same family.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`7Option`+`Shift`+`7`
Remove every borderRemoves every border from the selection; it is the first key to try when leftover lines make a printout look messy.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`6Option`+`Shift`+`6`
Number format with decimalsSwitches to a number format with two decimals and a thousands separator; all six of these number formats use Ctrl even on a Mac, not Cmd.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`1`
Time formatSwitches to a time format; the value underneath counts a day as 1, so showing 25 hours needs the duration format rather than this one.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`2`
Date formatSwitches to a date format; a date that arrived as text will not change appearance, and then the value itself has to be re-entered.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`3`
Currency formatSwitches to a currency format; the numbers one to six are the order Sheets chose for itself and do not line up with the Excel ones.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`4`
Percent formatSwitches to a percent format; strikethrough uses the same digit as Alt+Shift+5, so watch the modifier — this one is Ctrl+Shift+5.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`5`
Scientific formatSwitches to a scientific format like 1.2E+05, which helps when a very large or very small number is clipped into hashes by the column width.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`6`
Go to the next sheetMoves one tab to the right; Excel uses Ctrl+PageDown while Sheets uses Alt+Down, which is where the two apps differ most.	`Alt`+`DownOption`+`Down`
Go to the previous sheetMoves one tab to the left; on a Mac it is Option+Up, and with many tabs the sheet list is quicker.	`Alt`+`UpOption`+`Up`
Show the list of sheetsPops up the tabs at the bottom as a list; when they have scrolled off the screen this is the only quick way in.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`KOption`+`Shift`+`K`
Insert a new sheetAdds a new sheet at the end; on a Mac laptop you must hold Fn as well so that F11 gets past the browser and into Sheets.	`Shift`+`F11Shift`+`Fn`+`F11`
Show formulas instead of resultsShows the formulas instead of the results; even on a Mac this one wants Ctrl and not Cmd.	`Ctrl`+`
Open ExploreOpens the panel that reads your selection and suggests summaries and charts; worth a look before you build a pivot by hand.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Shift`+`ICmd`+`Option`+`Shift`+`I`
Find and replaceOpens find and replace; Cmd+H hides the app on a Mac, so Sheets uses Cmd+Shift+H, and the regular expression option lives in this box.	`Ctrl`+`HCmd`+`Shift`+`H`
Freeze the top rowsPins the header rows in place; Sheets ships no default combination at all, so you use Freeze in the View menu or drag the thick grey bar above the row numbers.	Not on this system

Gmail38

Most Gmail shortcuts do nothing until you turn Keyboard shortcuts on in Settings — while it is off, the single-letter keys simply have no effect.

Action	Keys
Compose a new messageOpens a new message window in the corner. Nothing happens unless Keyboard shortcuts on is set in Settings, and if the cursor sits in a text box you just type a letter instead.	`c`
Compose in a new tabOpens the new message as a full browser tab instead of a small box — easier for long mail or many attachments, and it leaves the Inbox readable beside it.	`d`
Send the messageSends the message you are writing. It is one of the few that still works with the shortcut setting off, which is exactly why half-finished mail escapes this way.	`Ctrl`+`EnterCmd`+`Enter`
Add Cc recipientsMoves the cursor to the Cc line and opens that line if it was folded away. It listens only while the compose window has focus, so pressing it from the list does nothing.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`CCmd`+`Shift`+`C`
Add Bcc recipientsMoves the cursor to the Bcc line. People in Bcc cannot see each other, but if one of them replies to everyone the hidden copy shows itself.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`BCmd`+`Shift`+`B`
Insert a linkTurns the selected words into a link. With nothing selected it asks for both the visible text and the address, so it is quicker to select first.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Archive the conversationTakes the thread out of the Inbox but keeps it — search and All Mail still find it. Confusing this with deleting is the most expensive mistake in the whole list.	`e`
Move the conversation to TrashMoves the thread to Trash, which empties itself after thirty days and then even search cannot reach it. If you only wanted it out of sight, archive is the one you meant.	`#`
Mute the conversationMakes every future reply in this thread skip the Inbox. Nothing is gone — it keeps piling up in All Mail — so it is the way to silence a long group thread.	`m`
Snooze the conversationHides the mail until a time you pick, then puts it back at the top of the Inbox. Handy for postponing a reply, but pick the wrong date and you hear nothing until then.	`b`
Mark as readMarks it read without opening it. It acts on the selected or hovered conversation, so with nothing picked out the bold stays bold.	`Shift`+`I`
Mark as unreadPuts the unread mark back so the thread stands out again. It works as a to-do flag, but on an already archived thread it only changes the mark — it does not return to the Inbox.	`Shift`+`U`
Star the conversationAdds or removes the star. If you enabled the extra star shapes, each press rotates to the next symbol instead of switching the star off — that is why one press does not clear it.	`s`
Report as spamMoves the mail to Spam and teaches the filter from it. Report a legitimate sender by mistake and their later mail can land in Spam too, so undo it right away.	`!`
Undo the last actionUndoes what you just did, but only while the little confirmation strip at the bottom is still on screen; once it fades this key cannot reach the action — sent mail included.	`z`
ReplyStarts a reply in the open thread. It answers the sender of the message you have expanded, so on a long multi-person thread it is worth glancing at the To line first.	`r`
Reply to everyoneReplies to the sender and everyone who was in Cc. Mixing this up with a plain reply on a big thread means twenty people read your note, so count the recipients before sending.	`a`
ForwardPasses the one message you are looking at to someone else. To send the whole thread you need Forward all from the conversation menu — this key takes only the expanded message.	`f`
Reply in a new windowWrites the reply in its own separate window, so the original thread stays readable while you type — handy when you need to quote a lot.	`Shift`+`R`
Reply to everyone in a new windowWrites the reply-to-everyone in its own window; the real gain is that the bigger window shows the whole recipient list at once.	`Shift`+`A`
Forward in a new windowWrites the forward in its own window, so you can edit your covering note beside the original — the case for it is forwarding with an explanation attached.	`Shift`+`F`
Next message in the threadSteps down to the next message inside an open thread and expands it. In the list view there is no thread to walk, so nothing happens.	`n`
Previous message in the threadSteps back up to the earlier message inside an open thread — quicker than folding and unfolding with the mouse when you retrace who said what on a long chain.	`p`
Open the conversationOpens the conversation under the pointer; Enter does the same, so you can scan the list and step in without moving your hand.	`o`
Back to the conversation listGoes back to the list you came from. It only steps the view back — it does not cancel anything, so to take back an archive or a delete you need the undo key.	`u`
Move to the newer conversationMoves one step up the list, to the newer conversation. It also answers while a conversation is open, so you can keep walking upward as you read.	`k`
Move to the older conversationMoves one step down the list, to the older conversation. These walking keys are single letters, so with the cursor in a reply box the letter lands in your text instead.	`j`
Search mailPuts the cursor in the mail search box. It is a single character, so with the focus in a message body you get that character typed into your text instead of a search.	`/`
Go to InboxReturns to the Inbox. The two keys are pressed one after the other, not together, and sequences like this need the shortcut setting on just as much as the rest.	`g`·`i`
Go to StarredShows only the mail you starred. The star is a private mark, so nobody else looking at the same message sees anything different.	`g`·`s`
Go to SentOpens the list of mail you sent — the fastest way to confirm a message really left and which address it went to.	`g`·`t`
Go to DraftsGoes to where unfinished mail collects. Gmail saves as you type, so even a message whose window you simply closed is waiting here.	`g`·`d`
Jump to a labelOpens a label picker and jumps to that label view. It is only about going there to look — putting a label onto a message is a different key.	`g`·`l`
Open the label menuAdds or removes labels on the selected thread. A label is a tag, not a folder — one message can carry several, and adding one does not take it out of the Inbox.	`l`
Open the move-to menuApplies a label and archives in the same move, so the mail leaves the Inbox. That disappearance is the whole difference from the label menu, which leaves it in place.	`v`
Select the conversationTicks the checkbox so the next command lands on that thread. Almost every action key needs something selected or hovered first, so a key that seems dead is usually missing this step.	`x`
Select every conversation on the pageSelects every conversation on the page you are looking at — not the whole label. To reach all of them you have to click the link Gmail then offers.	`*`·`a`
Show the shortcut listLays the shortcut list over the screen. If nothing appears, shortcuts are off in Settings — which makes this the quickest way to check whether they are on at all.	`?`

Outlook35

These combinations are the installed Outlook app; Outlook on the web keys differ, and its Settings even ask you to pick between the Outlook, Gmail and Yahoo layouts.

Action	Keys
New mail messageOpens a blank mail window whatever view you are in. Outlook on the web puts Ctrl+N or a bare N in this slot, so a hand trained on the installed app misses once on the web.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`MCmd`+`N`
New item of the current typeCreates whatever the current view creates — mail in Mail, an appointment in Calendar, a contact in People. That view dependence is the surprise; if you always want mail, use the mail-only combination.	`Ctrl`+`NCmd`+`N`
New calendar appointmentOpens a new appointment even while you are in Mail. Outlook for Mac has no appointment-only key, so you must move to Calendar first and then create the new item there.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ACmd`+`N`
New taskOpens a new task item. Outlook for Mac handed tasks over to Microsoft To Do and has no matching key at all, which is why the other column is empty.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`K`Not on this system
Send the messageSends the message you are writing. On Windows Ctrl+Enter also sends, but it asks once whether you meant it — and that question can be switched off, after which mail leaves in silence.	`Alt`+`SCmd`+`Enter`
Save the draftKeeps the message in Drafts without sending. Closing the window offers the same thing, but only if the text changed — attach a file and close, and it can vanish without a word.	`Ctrl`+`SCmd`+`S`
Insert a hyperlinkTurns the selected words in the body into a link. The same combination in the recipient fields means Check Names instead, so where the cursor sits decides which of the two you get.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Open the Address BookOpens the address book so you can pick recipients from it. The Mac app has no default key for that window; you go in through the recipient button instead.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`B`Not on this system
ReplyReplies to the sender alone. It also works on the mail highlighted in the list, so you can answer without opening it — but with the cursor inside the reading pane it is worth checking what the list still has selected.	`Ctrl`+`RCmd`+`R`
Reply to everyoneReplies to the sender and everyone in Cc. It sits one key away from the plain reply, and on a company-wide notice that one slip turns into hundreds of messages.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`RCmd`+`Shift`+`R`
ForwardPasses the mail on to someone else. The installed Windows app spends on forwarding the combination that means Find almost everywhere else, while Outlook on the web forwards with Ctrl+Shift+F — which in the desktop app opens Advanced Find.	`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`J`
Reply with a meeting invitationAnswers the mail with a meeting for the same people instead of a message. Past the fourth round of replies this is the faster move; Outlook for Mac has no default key for it.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`R`Not on this system
Mark as readMarks the highlighted mail read without opening it. It belongs to the message list, so with the cursor inside the reading pane text or the search box the key simply goes nowhere.	`Ctrl`+`QCmd`+`T`
Mark as unreadPuts the unread mark back. Outlook on the web keeps the same letter but also answers to it bare when the list has focus, so someone coming from the installed app easily flips the state twice.	`Ctrl`+`UCmd`+`Shift`+`T`
Flag for follow upRaises a follow-up flag on the mail. On Windows it reaches only the message list, so pressing it with the cursor in the reading pane does nothing; on the Mac the flag keys set a due date instead — the first is today and the ones after it are the other dates.	`InsertCtrl`+`1`
Delete the itemMoves the selected item to Deleted Items. It is a move, not an erase — the mail stays there until you empty that folder or a retention rule does it for you.	`Delete`
Delete without using Deleted ItemsDeletes without passing through Deleted Items. The only way back is the server side recoverable window, and the administrator sets its length — on a work account you may not even know how many days you have.	`Shift`+`Delete`
Move to a folderPicks a folder and moves the mail into it. Outlook for Mac uses a different letter while Outlook on the web keeps the Windows one, so anyone working across all three only has to remember the Mac exception.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`VCmd`+`Shift`+`M`
Copy to a folderLeaves the original where it is and puts a copy in another folder. It is the twin of moving, and most reports of the same mail sitting in two places come from reaching for one and hitting this.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Y`Not on this system
Search the current folderPuts the cursor in the search box with the scope set to the folder you are in. To sweep the whole mailbox you widen the scope there, and Outlook on the web moved search to Alt+Q instead.	`Ctrl`+`ECmd`+`Option`+`F`
Open Advanced FindOpens the dialog where you fill in sender, date and attachment fields one by one. This is the very combination that means forward in Outlook on the web, so the same fingers do two unrelated things depending on where Outlook runs.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`FCmd`+`Shift`+`F`
Find text inside the open messageFinds text inside the message you have open. It does not search the mailbox, only that one body, which is what you want in a long minutes or contract text.	`F4Cmd`+`F`
Switch to MailComes back to the Mail view from Calendar or People. Which keys are live changes with the view, so when shortcuts suddenly stop answering, returning here is the first thing to try.	`Ctrl`+`1Cmd`+`1`
Switch to CalendarSwitches to the Calendar view. Outlook on the web reaches the calendar with Ctrl+Shift+2 — the digit matches but one more modifier is needed — which is where people who use both trip.	`Ctrl`+`2Cmd`+`2`
Switch to PeopleSwitches to the contacts view. The numbers follow the module order of classic Outlook, so even after the new Outlook and the web rearranged the icons down the left, the digit is the more reliable guide.	`Ctrl`+`3Cmd`+`3`
Switch to TasksSwitches to the Tasks view. Outlook for Mac gave that view away to Microsoft To Do, so there is nowhere to switch to — hence the empty column.	`Ctrl`+`4`Not on this system
Switch to NotesSwitches to the Notes view. Only classic Outlook for Windows still keeps that module, so after moving to the new Outlook the number leads nowhere.	`Ctrl`+`5`Not on this system
Switch to the InboxJumps straight to the Inbox itself, not merely the Mail module — the one hop back up when you are deep in a subfolder. Outlook for Mac does not have it.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`I`Not on this system
Go to a folder by nameTypes a folder name and jumps there. On an account with a deep, wide folder tree it beats unfolding the branches with the mouse; Outlook for Mac lacks it.	`Ctrl`+`Y`Not on this system
Open the selected itemOpens the highlighted item in a window of its own. It answers only while the message list has focus, so after clicking into the reading pane you have to hand the focus back first.	`Ctrl`+`OCmd`+`O`
Close the open itemCloses the open item, asking whether to save if you had been editing a draft. In the main window it clears the search box first instead of closing anything.	`Esc`
Go to the next open itemWalks between the items you have opened in their own windows. It does not step down the message list — it circles the open windows — which is why it looks broken to anyone trying to browse.	`Ctrl`+`.`Not on this system
Go to the previous open itemGoes the other way round the open windows, to the item before. With only one window open there is nowhere to go and nothing happens.	`Ctrl`+`,`Not on this system
PrintPrints the highlighted item or the open message. On Windows a print pane appears first and one more Enter sends it straight to the printer, so a habitual double press prints unchecked.	`Ctrl`+`PCmd`+`P`
Undo the last actionUndoes the edit or the move you just made. A message already sent is out of its reach: recall is a separate command that works only inside the same organisation, and only when the conditions line up.	`Ctrl`+`ZCmd`+`Z`

Notion39

Anything with no binding is reached through the slash menu — type / and a few letters of the name and you get even blocks like the callout, which has no key at all.

Action	Keys
Open Quick FindSearches the whole workspace by name and jumps to the page. In a browser tab the same combination means print, so when a print dialog appears use the other quick-find key, Ctrl/Cmd+K.	`Ctrl`+`PCmd`+`P`
Search inside the pageFinds text inside the open page only. The browser’s own find sees just what is drawn, and Notion loads the lower part later, so on a long page the browser will swear a word is not there.	`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`F`
Create a new pageCreates a new page. It answers in the installed app only: in a browser tab the same key opens a browser window and never reaches Notion, which is the most reported dead shortcut of the set.	`Ctrl`+`NCmd`+`N`
Open a new Notion windowOpens a second Notion window — the way to put two pages side by side while moving things across. In a browser the same combination opens a private window instead.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`NCmd`+`Shift`+`N`
Show or hide the sidebarFolds the left list away or brings it back, widening the body. On a database page with a wide table it is the cheapest way to read without scrolling sideways.	`Ctrl`+`\Cmd`+`\`
Switch between dark and light modeFlips between the dark and the light theme. It changes only your own screen — anyone else reading the same page sees no difference.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`LCmd`+`Shift`+`L`
Go back a pageSteps back to the page you were just on. It runs the same direction as the browser’s own back, so it works in a browser tab too, and it suits the there-and-back of opening database items.	`Ctrl`+`[Cmd`+`[`
Jump to the parent pageClimbs to the page that contains this one. On a top-level page there is nothing above it, so nothing happens.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`UCmd`+`Shift`+`U`
Copy the page linkPuts a link to this page on the clipboard. In a browser tab the browser claims that combination for the address bar first, so it is dependable only in the installed app.	`Ctrl`+`LCmd`+`L`
Select the block you are inTurns the text cursor into a selected block. Every block-level command answers only in that state, so when moving or duplicating seems dead you are usually still inside the text.	`Esc`
Select every block on the pageSelects every block on the page. The first press takes only the block you are in and the second widens to the whole page, so unlike elsewhere one press is not select-all.	`Ctrl`+`ACmd`+`A`
Extend the selection to more blocksExtends the selection block by block once a block is picked. Pressed while the cursor is still inside the text it selects letters instead, so the order matters.	`Shift`+`Down`
Duplicate the selected blocksMakes a copy of the selected blocks right underneath. In a browser tab with no block selected the browser can take it first and add a bookmark instead.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Move the block upLifts the block one place up. It reorders without dragging, and any children nested beneath it travel along.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`UpCmd`+`Shift`+`Up`
Move the block downDrops the block one place down. It also answers on several blocks selected at once, which makes it the fastest way to relocate a whole clump of paragraphs.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`DownCmd`+`Shift`+`Down`
Nest the block under the one aboveNests the block under the one directly above. Inside a table or a database the same key steps to the next cell instead, so its meaning changes with where you stand.	`Tab`
Move the block out one levelPulls a nested block out one level. Children come out a level with it, so when you undo a list structure it is less confusing to work from the top down.	`Shift`+`Tab`
Open the block menuOpens the menu that acts on the selected blocks — turn into, colour, duplicate — and it is also where the commands with no key of their own live.	`Ctrl`+`/Cmd`+`/`
Turn the block into plain textStrips the block back to plain body text, keeping the words. It is the way to undo a wrong heading or list without deleting anything; note that this family uses Shift on Windows where the Mac uses Option.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`0Cmd`+`Option`+`0`
Turn the block into Heading 1Converts a block you already wrote into the largest heading. This is the one for structuring after the fact, unlike the markdown trigger that only works on an empty line.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`1Cmd`+`Option`+`1`
Turn the block into Heading 2Converts the block into the second-level heading. Notion offers only three heading sizes, so anything deeper has to be shown by nesting rather than by another heading.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`2Cmd`+`Option`+`2`
Turn the block into Heading 3Converts the block into the smallest heading. The table of contents block collects only these three levels, so text that must appear there has to be a heading, not merely bold.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`3Cmd`+`Option`+`3`
Turn the block into a to-doPuts a checkbox in front of the block, making it a to-do. It converts several selected blocks at once, which is the fastest way to turn a list you already wrote into a checklist.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`4Cmd`+`Option`+`4`
Turn the block into a toggleConverts the block into a toggle you can fold. What goes inside has to be nested under it afterwards — anything left outside stays visible when you fold it.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`7Cmd`+`Option`+`7`
Turn the block into a code blockConverts the block into a code block. Nothing inside takes formatting, so bold and links stop working there, and the language is chosen separately at the top right of the block.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`8Cmd`+`Option`+`8`
BoldMakes the selected words bold. Pressed with nothing selected it simply switches on, so everything you type from then on comes out bold.	`Ctrl`+`BCmd`+`B`
UnderlineUnderlines the selected words. In a browser tab this combination collides with view-source, and which side wins depends on the browser, so the installed app is the safe place for it.	`Ctrl`+`UCmd`+`U`
StrikethroughDraws a line through the selected words. It marks something as done without deleting it — though ticking a to-do already draws that line for you, so there is no need to do both.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`SCmd`+`Shift`+`S`
Inline codeWraps the selected words in a monospaced span inside the sentence. Unlike turning the whole block into code, what you wrap here stays part of the running text.	`Ctrl`+`ECmd`+`E`
Turn the selected text into a linkTurns the selected words into a link and asks for the address. With nothing selected the same combination opens the search box instead, so what happens depends on whether you have a selection.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Heading 1 while typingTyped at the front of an empty block, the line becomes the largest heading. Typed mid-sentence it stays a plain character — the trigger fires only on an empty block with the cursor at the very start.	`#`·`Space`
Heading 2 while typingAt the front of an empty block this gives the second-level heading. The number of marks picks the level, and typed again on a line that is already a heading it just becomes text inside it.	`##`·`Space`
Heading 3 while typingAt the front of an empty block this gives the smallest heading. Four marks or more produce no heading at all and stay as characters, which is where you notice that Notion has only three levels.	`###`·`Space`
Toggle list while typingAt the front of an empty block this makes a foldable toggle. The cursor lands on its title line, so the contents go on the next line, nested one level in.	`>`·`Space`
Code block while typingThree of these in a row on an empty block opens a code block. Inside it Enter makes a new line, so to leave the block you have to move the cursor to the empty line below it.	```
Divider while typingThree short dashes in a row on an empty block drop a horizontal divider. A divider holds no text, so removing one means selecting the block and deleting it.	`---`
Open the slash command menuTyping this in a block lists everything you can insert, and a few letters after it narrow the list. It is the only road to features with no binding, which makes it the most useful key of the set in practice.	`/`
Insert a calloutPuts a paragraph into a box that stands out. It has no markdown trigger and no key of its own, so the slash menu is the only way in — and there are several blocks like it, which is the reason to learn that menu.	`/callout`·`Enter`
Add a commentAttaches a comment to the selected text or block. With nothing selected it lands on the block you are in, and a comment tied to words disappears from view as resolved once those words are deleted.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`MCmd`+`Shift`+`M`

Windows40

Win-key combinations are captured before any program sees them — nothing can clash with them, and nothing can override them either.

Action	Keys
Open or close the Start menuOpens and closes the Start menu; typing right after it goes straight into search, so knowing a program name beats hunting through the list.	`Win`Not on this system
Open searchOpens the search box directly, and the same box looks through settings and the web as well as file names.	`Win`+`S`Not on this system
Open SettingsOpens the Settings app — the modern window, not the old Control Panel — and its search box is the fastest way to reach a buried option.	`Win`+`I`Not on this system
Open the Run boxOpens the Run box for a single command; it calls things like cmd, regedit or control by name when digging through Start would be slower.	`Win`+`R`Not on this system
Open the Quick Link menuOpens the small menu of repair tools — Device Manager, Terminal, Disk Management — and it is the same thing as right-clicking the Start button.	`Win`+`X`Not on this system
Lock the computerLocks the screen at once; your programs keep running, so it is not a sign-out, and it is the shortest thing to press when you leave the desk.	`Win`+`L`Not on this system
Open Task ManagerOpens Task Manager directly, one step shorter than going through the security screen with Ctrl+Alt+Delete, which is what you want when something is frozen.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Esc`Not on this system
Open the security screenBrings up the security screen with lock, sign out and Task Manager; inside a remote desktop or a virtual machine the host computer swallows this combination, so you send it from a menu instead.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Delete`Not on this system
Open clipboard historyShows a list of the things you copied recently; the first time you must say yes to switching it on, and only from then does it keep a history.	`Win`+`V`Not on this system
Open the emoji panelOpens the panel for emoji and symbols; besides the pictures it holds arrows, maths signs and special characters.	`Win`+`Period`Not on this system
Zoom in with MagnifierStarts Magnifier and zooms in; close it with Win+Esc, or the zoomed view simply stays where it is.	`Win`+`Plus`Not on this system
Choose how to use a second screenOpens the panel for choosing how a second screen behaves — duplicate, extend or one screen only — and it is the first thing to press when a meeting room projector shows nothing.	`Win`+`P`Not on this system
Open quick settingsOpens quick settings with Wi-Fi, sound and brightness; in Windows 10 this same combination opened the notification centre, which is why the two keys feel swapped.	`Win`+`A`Not on this system
Open the notification centreOpens the notification centre with the calendar; in Windows 11 notifications live here while quick settings sit on Win+A.	`Win`+`N`Not on this system
Restart the graphics driverRestarts the graphics driver; when the screen has gone black it revives the display while leaving your open programs alone, and the screen beeps and blinks once.	`Win`+`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`B`Not on this system
Run as administratorLaunches the highlighted result from Start search with administrator rights; Ctrl+Shift with a click on a taskbar icon does the same thing.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Enter`Not on this system
Show or hide the desktopDrops every open window and puts them all back on a second press; unlike Win+M, which does not come back, it suits a quick look at the desktop.	`Win`+`D`Not on this system
Peek at the desktopMakes the windows see-through only while you hold the keys, so you can peek at the desktop and have everything back the moment you let go.	`Win`+`Comma`Not on this system
Open Task ViewSpreads the open windows and virtual desktops on one screen; unlike Alt+Tab it stays open after you let go, so you can drag windows between desktops.	`Win`+`Tab`Not on this system
Add a virtual desktopCreates one more empty virtual desktop and moves you onto it, which is how you split two jobs apart without closing any windows.	`Win`+`Ctrl`+`D`Not on this system
Move to the next virtual desktopMoves to the virtual desktop on the right; Left goes the other way, and it stops rather than wrapping around at the end.	`Win`+`Ctrl`+`Right`Not on this system
Close this virtual desktopCloses the virtual desktop you are on; the windows that were there are not closed with it but move over to the next desktop.	`Win`+`Ctrl`+`F4`Not on this system
Snap the window to the leftSnaps the window to the left half of the screen; Windows then offers candidates for the other half, which you can pick with the arrows to set two windows side by side.	`Win`+`Left`Not on this system
Snap the window to the rightSnaps the window to the right half of the screen; pressing it again on an already snapped window pushes it onto the next monitor, so mind the second press.	`Win`+`Right`Not on this system
Maximise the windowBlows the window up to fill the screen; on a window already snapped to a half it goes full screen rather than shrinking into a quarter.	`Win`+`Up`Not on this system
Minimise the windowSends the window down to the taskbar; on a maximised window the first press only restores its old size and the next one minimises it.	`Win`+`Down`Not on this system
Open the snap layoutsOpens the grid of layouts for placing the window; it arrived with Windows 11 and is not on older versions.	`Win`+`Z`Not on this system
Move the window to the next monitorMoves the window to the monitor on the right, keeping its size and changing only where it sits; Left brings it back to the screen on the left.	`Win`+`Shift`+`Right`Not on this system
Switch between open windowsSteps between the open windows; hold Alt and tap Tab to choose, and Ctrl+Alt+Tab leaves the picker on screen after you let go.	`Alt`+`Tab`Not on this system
Close the active windowCloses the active window; with the desktop itself focused there is no window to close, so it opens the shut-down box instead.	`Alt`+`F4`Not on this system
Open File ExplorerOpens File Explorer in a new window; it opens another one even if Explorer is already running, which is how you get two folders side by side.	`Win`+`E`Not on this system
Create a new folderCreates a new folder in the current one; the name is already selected for editing, so you can just type it.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`N`Not on this system
Rename the selected itemRenames the selected file; after typing the name, Tab jumps to the next file so you can rename several in a row.	`F2`Not on this system
Delete without the Recycle BinDeletes straight away, skipping the Recycle Bin — nothing lands in the bin, so there is nothing to restore, and you get one confirmation first.	`Shift`+`Delete`Not on this system
Open the properties of the itemOpens the properties window of what you selected — size and dates for a file, free space for a drive.	`Alt`+`Enter`Not on this system
Go up one folderGoes up one level in the folder path; Alt+Left instead returns to the folder you were in before, which is not the same move.	`Alt`+`Up`Not on this system
Capture part of the screenLets you drag out a piece of the screen; the cut goes to the clipboard, and clicking the notification opens it for editing and saving.	`Win`+`Shift`+`S`Not on this system
Copy the whole screenCopies the whole screen to the clipboard; in Windows 11 this key now opens the Snipping Tool by default, so you change the setting back if you want the old behaviour.	`PrtSc`Not on this system
Save the whole screen as a fileSaves the whole screen as a file; the PNGs pile up in the Screenshots folder inside Pictures, and the screen dims once as it saves.	`Win`+`PrtSc`Not on this system
Copy only the active windowCopies only the window in front to the clipboard, not the whole screen, so nothing behind it ends up in the picture.	`Alt`+`PrtSc`Not on this system

macOS30

Cmd sits where Windows puts Ctrl. Text movement is the exception: end of line is Ctrl+A/E or Cmd+←/→, not a Cmd version of the Windows key.

Action	Keys
Open Spotlight searchPops up a search field anywhere for apps, files, sums and conversions in one line; with two or more input sources this combination can fight the language switcher, so one of them has to give way in Settings.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Space`
Switch to the other input sourceSwitches to the input source you used before; people reaching for Spotlight often land on a language change here, so it pays to know both keys.	Not on this system`Ctrl`+`Space`
Show or hide the DockHides the Dock or brings it back; when it covers the bottom of a window this is the shortest way to win screen space without moving the window.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Option`+`D`
Lock the screenLocks the screen at once; the apps keep running, which makes it a completely different act from quitting one with Cmd+Q.	Not on this system`Ctrl`+`Cmd`+`Q`
Put the Mac to sleepPuts the Mac to sleep; on a keyboard with no power button, Cmd+Option with the media eject key takes its place.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Option`+`Power`
Open the emoji pickerOpens the emoji and symbol picker in any text field; the same window also holds arrows and mathematical signs, not just emoji.	Not on this system`Ctrl`+`Cmd`+`Space`
Use the top row as F1 to F12Makes the top row act as real F1 to F12 instead of brightness and volume; if you flipped that setting, Fn does the opposite and calls the media keys.	Not on this system`Fn`+`F1`
Switch between appsSteps between apps rather than windows, so an app whose windows are all hidden comes to the front with nothing on screen.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Tab`
Switch between windows of one appSteps between the windows of one app, which is exactly what Cmd+Tab cannot do, so the two work as a pair in apps that open many windows.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`
Quit the appQuits the app for good; that is the difference from Cmd+W, which closes only a window, and the dot under the Dock icon disappearing tells you it really ended.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Q`
Close the windowCloses just one window; the app keeps running with the dot still under its Dock icon, so quitting takes Cmd+Q.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`W`
Open Force QuitOpens the list where you pick an unresponsive app and force it to quit; holding Cmd+Option+Shift+Esc for a few seconds kills the front app without the list.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Option`+`Esc`
Open the settings of the appOpens the settings window of whatever app is in front; the menu item sits in a different place in every app, but this one combination works in nearly all of them.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Comma`
Hide the front appHides every window of the front app; unlike minimising, no thumbnail is left in the Dock, and the windows reappear as they were when you return to the app.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`H`
Hide every other appHides the windows of every app except this one, which is the quickest way to clear the screen down to a single task.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Option`+`H`
Minimise the window to the DockFolds the window down into the Dock; Cmd+Option+M sends every window of that app down at once.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`M`
Enter or leave full screenPuts the window into full screen or brings it back; a full-screen window becomes a space of its own and shows up as a new tile in Mission Control.	Not on this system`Ctrl`+`Cmd`+`F`
Move to the next desktop spaceMoves to the desktop space on the right; a full-screen app counts as a space too, which is why the number of spaces seems to grow on its own.	Not on this system`Ctrl`+`Right`
Screenshot the whole screenCaptures the whole screen and saves it as a file; the default place is the desktop, and you change that in the Cmd+Shift+5 panel.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Shift`+`3`
Screenshot a part you dragGives you a crosshair to drag out just the part you want; press Space before dragging and the pointer becomes a camera that captures one whole window cleanly.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Shift`+`4`
Open the screenshot toolbarOpens the bar with capture and screen recording plus options for where to save and a timer; whatever you set here also applies to Cmd+Shift+3 and 4.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Shift`+`5`
Screenshot straight to the clipboardPuts the selected area straight into the clipboard instead of a file; the rule is that adding Ctrl to any screenshot combination sends it to the clipboard.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`4`
Go to a folder by typing its pathTakes you to a folder by typing its path; a tilde stands for your home, and in this box even a hidden folder opens if you type its name.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Shift`+`G`
Show the hidden filesShows the hidden files that begin with a dot, and hides them again; the same combination works in Open and Save dialogs as well as in the Finder.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Shift`+`Period`
Go up one folderGoes up one folder; Cmd+Down does the opposite by opening what is selected, so the two keys walk you up and down the tree.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Up`
Move the item to the TrashSends the selected item to the Trash; pressing Delete on its own does nothing in the Finder, which is the first thing that catches people coming from Windows.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Delete`
Empty the TrashEmpties the Trash and deletes for good; you get one question first, and after that there is no way back to the files.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Shift`+`Delete`
Create a new folderCreates a new folder in the front Finder window; select a few files first and Ctrl+Cmd+N makes a folder with those files already inside.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Shift`+`N`
Open Get InfoOpens the info window for what you selected — size, where it lives, which app opens it; Cmd+Option+I instead gives one inspector window that follows your selection.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`I`
Move a file you copiedMoves a file you copied with Cmd+C into this folder — the Finder has no Cut, so moving means copying first and then pasting with this combination.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Option`+`V`

Terminal43

In a terminal Ctrl+C is not copy; it interrupts whatever is running. Copy is Ctrl+Shift+C in Windows Terminal and Cmd+C on a Mac.

Action	Keys
Move to the start of the lineSends the cursor to the start of the line; inside tmux or screen Ctrl+A is the prefix key and never reaches the shell.	`Ctrl`+`A`
Move to the end of the lineSends the cursor to the end of the line; on a strange terminal over ssh the End key sometimes sends junk, but this one always works.	`Ctrl`+`E`
Move back one characterMoves the cursor one character left; because tmux uses Ctrl+B as its default prefix, the shell never sees this key inside tmux.	`Ctrl`+`B`
Move forward one characterMoves the cursor one character right; if you switched to vi keys with set -o vi, these emacs bindings are gone altogether.	`Ctrl`+`F`
Move back one wordJumps back one word; in the stock macOS Terminal, Option is not the Meta key, so either turn that on in the profile or press Esc first.	`Alt`+`BOption`+`B`
Move forward one wordJumps forward one word; a word here counts only letters and digits, so a path like /usr/local/bin breaks into several hops.	`Alt`+`FOption`+`F`
Set the markLeaves a mark at the cursor — the binding readline writes as C-@ — and once set you can bounce to it with Ctrl+X Ctrl+X.	`Ctrl`+`Space`
Jump between the mark and the cursorSwaps the cursor with the mark; with no mark set the mark is the start of the line, which is why it feels like a jump-to-front-and-back toggle.	`Ctrl`+`X`·`Ctrl`+`X`
Cut back to the start of the lineCuts from the cursor back to the start of the line; bash takes only what is behind the cursor while zsh throws away the whole line with the same key.	`Ctrl`+`U`
Cut to the end of the lineCuts from the cursor to the end of the line; what it takes goes into the kill ring, so Ctrl+Y puts it straight back.	`Ctrl`+`K`
Cut the word before the cursorCuts the word before the cursor back to the nearest space; because whitespace is the only boundary, a whole path like /usr/local/bin goes in one press.	`Ctrl`+`W`
Cut the word before the cursor, by word charactersCuts the word before the cursor by word characters, stopping at each slash of a path — that is exactly how it differs from Ctrl+W.	`Alt`+`BackspaceOption`+`Backspace`
Cut the word after the cursorCuts the word after the cursor; standing in the middle of a word it takes only the tail and leaves the head behind.	`Alt`+`DOption`+`D`
Paste what you last cutPastes back what Ctrl+U, Ctrl+K or Ctrl+W cut; this is the shell's own kill ring, not the system clipboard, and Ctrl+V is not paste in a terminal.	`Ctrl`+`Y`
Cycle to an earlier cutReplaces what you just yanked with the cut before it; it only means anything right after Ctrl+Y, and each press walks further back through the kill ring.	`Alt`+`YOption`+`Y`
Swap two charactersSwaps the character before the cursor with the one under it and steps right — the one-key fix for a typo like sl instead of ls.	`Ctrl`+`T`
Swap two wordsSwaps the word before the cursor with the one before that, so two arguments typed in the wrong order can be righted without deleting.	`Alt`+`TOption`+`T`
Undo the last edit to the lineUndoes your edits to the line one step at a time; it takes back typing, never a command you already ran.	`Ctrl`+`_`
Insert the next key literallyInserts the next key as a plain character — Ctrl+V Tab types a real tab, and it also reveals what an arrow key sends — since Ctrl+V is not paste in a terminal.	`Ctrl`+`V`
Run the lineRuns the line; it sends the very same control character as Enter, so the two are identical.	`Ctrl`+`J`
Delete the character before the cursorDeletes the character before the cursor; on some old ssh sessions Backspace sends this very character, which is why ^H shows up on screen.	`Ctrl`+`H`
Upper-case the wordUpper-cases from the cursor to the end of the word; pressed mid-word it only shouts the tail, so move to the front of the word first.	`Alt`+`UOption`+`U`
Lower-case the wordLower-cases from the cursor to the end of the word — the repair for a line you typed while Caps Lock was on.	`Alt`+`LOption`+`L`
Capitalize the wordCapitalizes just the first letter of the word; despite the letter, Alt+C here has nothing to do with copying.	`Alt`+`COption`+`C`
Open the line in your editorOpens the current line in $EDITOR and runs it when you save and quit; bash has this out of the box while zsh needs edit-command-line autoloaded and bound.	`Ctrl`+`X`·`Ctrl`+`E`
Use Esc when Alt is not the Meta keyEvery Alt combination can be typed as Esc followed by the key, which is the route people actually take in the macOS Terminal where Option is not Meta.	`Esc`·`B`
Search backwards through historySearches history backwards as you type; press it again for an older match, and remember Enter runs the command straight away, so leave with an arrow key to edit it first.	`Ctrl`+`R`
Abandon the search and restore the lineAbandons the search and restores the line as it was; Esc leaves the found command on the line, this key does not.	`Ctrl`+`G`
Previous commandPulls the previous command from history; it is the same as the Up arrow, which makes it the fallback where arrow keys do not come through.	`Ctrl`+`P`
Next commandSteps forward to the next command in history; walking past the last one brings back the empty line you were typing.	`Ctrl`+`N`
Repeat the last commandRuns the previous command again — the trick behind sudo !! — and since the shell expands it before running, a dangerous last command happens a second time.	`!!`
Reuse the last argumentStands in for the last argument of the previous command; the shell expands it at run time, so you cannot see what it will become before you press Enter.	`!$`
Insert the last argument nowInserts the last argument of the previous command as text you can see and edit, unlike !$, and pressing it again reaches back to the command before that.	`Alt`+`.Option`+`.`
Run the line and bring up the next oneRuns the line and then puts the line that followed it in history onto the prompt — the way to replay a run of commands in order.	`Ctrl`+`O`
Complete the wordCompletes a file name or a command; press it twice to list the candidates, and no reaction at all usually means that command's completion rules are not installed.	`Tab`
List every completionLists every possible completion below without inserting anything; it is the same as pressing Tab twice, but it never half-fills the line.	`Alt`+`?Option`+`?`
Insert every completionPuts every match on the line instead of choosing one — the way to see what *.log expands to before you run anything.	`Alt`+`Option`+``
Interrupt the running commandSends SIGINT to the running command to stop it; a program is allowed to catch and ignore it, and it does not reach a job you already suspended.	`Ctrl`+`C`
Send end of fileSignals end of input; on an empty line it ends the shell and the window closes, while on a line with text it deletes the character under the cursor instead.	`Ctrl`+`D`
Suspend the running commandStops the running job and hands the prompt back; the job is paused rather than finished, so bring it back with fg or bg, or it dies when you close the window.	`Ctrl`+`Z`
Clear the screenWipes the screen and moves the prompt to the top; the line you were typing survives and the scrollback is still there.	`Ctrl`+`L`
Freeze the outputFreezes the output — this is the culprit behind a terminal that looks dead — so nothing is broken and Ctrl+Q releases it, and because it steals readline's forward search you need stty -ixon to get that back.	`Ctrl`+`S`
Unfreeze the outputLets the frozen output flow again; it is the first key to try on an unresponsive terminal, and everything held back pours out at once.	`Ctrl`+`Q`

Figma53

Figma picks tools with single letters (V, F, R, T). While you are editing text those letters type themselves, so press Esc first.

Action	Keys
Move toolBrings you back to the pointer from any other tool; while you are editing a text layer the V just types a letter, so press Esc first.	`V`
Frame toolDraws a frame; drawing one around existing layers puts them inside it, which is not what a group does.	`F`
Rectangle toolDraws a rectangle; hold Shift while dragging for a square, and set the corner radius afterwards in the right panel.	`R`
Ellipse toolDraws an ellipse; hold Shift for a perfect circle, and the arc settings that cut it into a pie live in this shape's properties.	`O`
Line toolDraws a line between two points; its weight and end caps come from the stroke settings, so nothing is fixed by the first drag.	`L`
Arrow toolDraws a line with an arrowhead on one end; it is the line tool with a cap, so the cap and its direction stay editable.	`Shift`+`L`
Pen toolDraws a vector path point by point; Esc or Enter ends the path, and clicking the first point again closes the shape.	`P`
Pencil toolDraws freehand as you drag; the result is an ordinary vector layer, so you can edit its points later with the pen tool.	`Shift`+`P`
Text toolCreates a text layer; a single click gives text that grows with the words, while dragging gives a box with a fixed width.	`T`
Comment toolPins a comment anywhere on the canvas; comments are not layers and never appear in an export, and Esc leaves the tool.	`C`
Slice toolMarks a region to export without adding anything visible; the design stays as it is, which is how you cut pieces out of one frame.	`S`
Scale toolResizes with the contents — stroke weight, corner radius and font size scale along; resizing with the move tool leaves all of those untouched.	`K`
Hand toolPans the canvas by dragging; holding Space turns any tool into the hand for as long as you hold it, so you never lose your tool.	`H`
Zoom to fitSets the zoom so everything on this page fits in view; to see just one frame, select it and press Shift+2 instead.	`Shift`+`1`
Zoom to selectionZooms until the selection fills the view; it uses the selected layer itself, so picking a small layer inside a frame dives all the way in.	`Shift`+`2`
Zoom to 100%Puts the zoom back to 100%; the pixel grid only appears above 400%, so not seeing it at 100% is not a fault.	`Shift`+`0`
Pixel gridToggles the one-pixel grid; it only draws above 400% zoom, so if the key seems to do nothing, zoom in further first.	`Ctrl`+`'Cmd`+`'`
Layout gridsShows or hides the layout grids attached to your frames; on a Mac it is Control+G rather than Command+G, because Cmd+G already groups.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`4Ctrl`+`G`
RulersToggles the rulers along the canvas edge; drag out of a ruler to make a guide, and guides stay even when the rulers are hidden.	`Shift`+`R`
Outline modeDraws only the outlines, dropping fills and effects; Figma swapped the two keys, so this one is now the view and outline stroke moved to Cmd+Option+O, with the old pairing available under Preferences > Use old shortcuts for outlines.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`OCmd`+`Shift`+`O`
Pixel previewRenders the vectors as real pixels; on a Mac the key is Control+P, not Cmd+P, which is what trips people up.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`PCtrl`+`P`
Multiplayer cursorsHides the cursors and name tags of everyone else in the file; they are still there and their edits still appear, you just stop seeing the pointers.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`\Option`+`Cmd`+`\`
Show or hide UIHides the left and right panels and the toolbar at once, leaving only the canvas; use it for screenshots or showing work, and the same key brings it back.	`Ctrl`+`\Cmd`+`\`
Create componentTurns the selection into a main component; what was on the canvas becomes the main, so copy it to place instances in your screens.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`KCmd`+`Option`+`K`
Detach instanceCuts the link between an instance and its main component; there is no shortcut to re-attach it, only undo, so use it when you mean it.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`BCmd`+`Option`+`B`
Add auto layoutWraps the selected layers in an auto layout frame; with a single frame selected it adds auto layout to that frame instead of wrapping it.	`Shift`+`A`
Remove auto layoutStrips the auto layout but keeps the frame; the children freeze where they happened to sit, so the spacing is yours to fix by hand again.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`AOption`+`Shift`+`A`
Tidy upEvens out the spacing of scattered layers and lines them up in rows and columns; just remember the Mac key is Control+Option+T, not Command.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`TCtrl`+`Option`+`T`
Group selectionWraps the selection in a group; a group is only a bounding box, so it takes no padding, auto layout or constraints — for those you want frame selection.	`Ctrl`+`GCmd`+`G`
UngroupDissolves a group and lifts its children one level up; used on a frame it deletes the frame itself and keeps only the contents, so undo if that was not the plan.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`GCmd`+`Shift`+`G`
Frame selectionWraps the selection in a frame; unlike a group it can clip what overflows and carry constraints and auto layout, which is why screen pieces are frames.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`GCmd`+`Option`+`G`
Bring to frontSends the layer to the very front among its siblings; it is the bare bracket, and adding Cmd or Ctrl moves it just one step.	`]`
Send to backDrops the layer to the very back among its siblings; order is decided within a parent, so it never slides under a different frame.	`[`
Bring forwardMoves the layer forward by one step; to jump straight to the top of the stack, drop the modifier and press the bracket alone.	`Ctrl`+`]Cmd`+`]`
Send backwardMoves the layer back by one step; the bracket pair handles both directions, and whether you held Cmd decides one step or all the way.	`Ctrl`+`[Cmd`+`[`
Align leftLines up the left edges of the selection; the reference is the selection's own bounding box, and with a single layer selected it snaps to the parent frame.	`Alt`+`AOption`+`A`
Align horizontal centersPuts the horizontal centres of the selection on one line; aligning only moves things, it never changes their size.	`Alt`+`HOption`+`H`
Align rightLines up the right edges of the selection; D for right looks odd at first, but R is already taken by the rectangle tool.	`Alt`+`DOption`+`D`
Align topLines up the top edges of the selection; inside an auto layout frame the frame decides the arrangement, so this key has no effect.	`Alt`+`WOption`+`W`
Align vertical centersPuts the vertical centres of the selection in line; V alone is the move tool, but with Option it becomes an alignment.	`Alt`+`VOption`+`V`
Align bottomLines up the bottom edges of the selection; S alone is the slice tool, so letting go of Option grabs the wrong tool.	`Alt`+`SOption`+`S`
Union selectionMerges the overlapping shapes into one; all four boolean keys moved to Alt+Shift, so older cheat sheets printing Ctrl+Alt are out of date.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`UOption`+`Shift`+`U`
Subtract selectionRemoves the upper shape from the one below it; which layer sits on top flips the result, so check the order first.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`SOption`+`Shift`+`S`
Intersect selectionKeeps only the overlap and throws the rest away; if the shapes do not overlap you are left with nothing but an empty shape.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`IOption`+`Shift`+`I`
Exclude selectionPunches out the overlap and keeps everything else; this is the one that makes doughnuts and interlocking rings.	`Alt`+`Shift`+`EOption`+`Shift`+`E`
Flatten selectionBakes the selection into one vector layer; the layers and boolean groups inside are gone, and undo is the only way back.	`Ctrl`+`ECmd`+`E`
Outline strokeTurns a stroke into a filled vector shape; it used to be Cmd+Shift+O and that key now shows outlines, so your fingers may be in the wrong place.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`OCmd`+`Option`+`O`
Use as maskMakes the bottom layer of the selection a mask for the ones above it; on a Mac it is Control+Command+M, so Cmd+Option+M does nothing at all.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`MCtrl`+`Cmd`+`M`
DuplicateDrops a copy just above the original with a small offset; move it once and press again, and Figma repeats that offset — the quick way to lay out a row.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Copy propertiesCopies only the fills, strokes, effects and text properties; size and position stay behind, which is exactly what you want when only the look should travel.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`CCmd`+`Option`+`C`
Paste propertiesApplies the copied properties to whatever is selected now; contents and size stay put and only the look changes, so you can walk down a list of layers with it.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`VCmd`+`Option`+`V`
Place imageOpens the file picker and places images; choosing several drops one per click, and dropping onto a shape becomes that shape's fill.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`KCmd`+`Shift`+`K`
Actions menuOpens the menu where you find any command by typing its name — rename, plugins, view settings, all of it; older builds opened the same menu with Cmd+/.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`

Photoshop48

Bracket keys resize the brush ([ and ]) on every layout, but with a non-Latin input method active some other shortcuts stop responding.

Action	Keys
Move toolMoves layers and selections. With Auto-Select on in the options bar, clicking picks whatever layer is under the cursor — so something other than what you meant often moves.	`V`
Marquee toolSelects a rectangle or an ellipse. Pressing the same letter with Shift cycles between the two, and dragging with Shift held constrains it to a square or a circle.	`M`
Lasso toolDraws a freehand selection. The same letter with Shift moves on to the polygonal and magnetic lassos; the magnetic one only behaves on photos with a clear edge.	`L`
Quick selection toolPaints over an area and grabs the similar pixels. Object Selection and the Magic Wand share the same letter, so Shift cycles within that group when you land on the wrong one.	`W`
Crop toolCrops the image. Turn Delete Cropped Pixels off in the options bar and the trimmed area is kept so you can bring it back later; leave it on and it is gone on the spot.	`C`
Eyedropper toolPicks a colour off the canvas as the foreground colour. While painting, holding Alt (Option on a Mac) turns the brush into the eyedropper for as long as you hold it, so you never switch tools.	`I`
Brush toolPaints with a brush. The bracket keys change the size and the number keys change the opacity only while this tool is active — the same keys do other things elsewhere.	`B`
Clone stamp toolCopies from a spot you set with Alt (Option on a Mac) and paints it elsewhere. Paint before setting a source and nothing happens — you just get a warning.	`S`
Eraser toolErases. On a layer the pixels are genuinely gone and only undo brings them back — which is why hiding with a layer mask is the usual choice instead.	`E`
Gradient toolDrags in a blend from one colour to another. The Paint Bucket shares the letter, so if a single click flooded the area with colour you are on the other tool.	`G`
Dodge toolLightens where you brush. Burn and Sponge share the letter, so if nothing brightens you have landed on one of those two.	`O`
Type toolAdds text. While you are editing type, every single-letter tool shortcut types itself instead — press Esc first, then switch tools.	`T`
Pen toolDraws a path point by point. A path is not pixels, so it does nothing visible until you turn it into a selection or a mask.	`P`
Path selection toolSelects whole paths and shapes. Direct Selection, which moves one point at a time, shares the letter — that is the difference between moving the shape and moving a point.	`A`
Shape toolDraws rectangles, ellipses, lines and the rest. Six of them share the letter, so Shift cycles them; dragging with Shift held keeps the proportions.	`U`
Hand toolPushes the canvas around. While another tool is active, holding Space gives you the hand for as long as you hold it — no tool change needed.	`H`
Zoom toolClicks to zoom in. Holding Alt (Option on a Mac) zooms out instead, and neither changes the image — only how closely you are looking at it.	`Z`
Free transformScales and rotates what is selected. In current versions dragging a corner keeps the proportions and holding Shift breaks them — the opposite of the old behaviour, which is why hands get it wrong.	`Ctrl`+`TCmd`+`T`
Transform againRepeats the transform you just made. Add Alt (Option on a Mac) and it repeats onto a copy — that is how you lay out evenly spaced duplicates.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`TCmd`+`Shift`+`T`
UndoUndoes the last thing you did. Since the 2019 release each press steps another action back; in versions before that the same combination toggled between undo and redo.	`Ctrl`+`ZCmd`+`Z`
Step backwardSteps one action back. This is the combination people used to walk backwards in the old versions where plain undo toggled, and it still works the same way.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`ZCmd`+`Option`+`Z`
Select allSelects the whole layer — up to the canvas edge, not the whole layer. Anything hanging outside the canvas is left out.	`Ctrl`+`ACmd`+`A`
DeselectDrops the selection. In many other programs the same combination duplicates, so people press it meaning to copy something and merely lose the selection.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
ReselectBrings back the selection you just dropped. No need to walk back through undo — it restores the last selection as it was.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`DCmd`+`Shift`+`D`
Inverse selectionSwaps what is selected for what is not. Selecting the background first and inverting is the fastest way to isolate a subject — and it is one letter away from the combination that inverts colours.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ICmd`+`Shift`+`I`
Feather selectionSoftens the edge of the selection. Nothing changes until you type a radius, and the softening stays on that selection once given.	`Shift`+`F6`
New layerAdds an empty layer. This combination asks for a name first; add Alt (Option on a Mac) and it makes one without asking.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`NCmd`+`Shift`+`N`
Layer via copyDuplicates the layer. With a selection active only that part goes up to a new layer — the step most people take right after isolating a subject.	`Ctrl`+`JCmd`+`J`
Merge downMerges this layer into the one below. Once merged the two cannot be edited apart again — undo is the only way back.	`Ctrl`+`ECmd`+`E`
Merge visibleMerges every visible layer into one. Hidden layers survive but the rest are gone — usually the next entry is the one people actually wanted.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ECmd`+`Shift`+`E`
Stamp visibleStamps the merged result onto a brand-new layer while leaving every layer below intact — the one merge that stays reversible.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Alt`+`ECmd`+`Shift`+`Option`+`E`
Group layersPuts the selected layers into one folder. A mask or an opacity given to the group applies to everything inside it at once.	`Ctrl`+`GCmd`+`G`
Create clipping maskClips the upper layer so it shows only inside the shape of the one below. Nothing is erased, only hidden, so it can be released at any time — this is how a photo goes inside letters.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`GCmd`+`Option`+`G`
Fill with foreground colorFills with the foreground colour. With a selection it fills only inside it, and adding Shift leaves transparent pixels alone — that is how you recolour letters or a shape without touching their edges.	`Alt`+`BackspaceOption`+`Delete`
Fill with background colorFills with the background colour. It is one finger away from the foreground fill, which is why the colour that lands is so often not the one you pictured.	`Ctrl`+`BackspaceCmd`+`Delete`
Decrease brush sizeMakes the brush smaller. Bracket keys do not depend on the keyboard layout, so this is one of the few shortcuts that still fires with a Korean or Japanese input method active.	`[`
Increase brush sizeMakes the brush bigger. Holding it keeps growing the brush, and tapping the two bracket keys while watching the cursor beats typing a number.	`]`
Soften brush edgeSoftens the brush edge. Unlike the size it steps in twenty-five per cent jumps, so four presses reach the softest setting.	`Shift`+`[`
Set tool opacitySets the painting tool's opacity by number: 1 is ten per cent, 0 is a hundred, and two digits typed quickly give that value. With the Move tool active the same keys change the layer's opacity instead.	`1`
LevelsPulls the dark, mid and light ends of the range separately. Applied straight to a layer it really changes the pixels — use an adjustment layer to keep the door open.	`Ctrl`+`LCmd`+`L`
CurvesShapes brightness and colour with a curve. It does everything Levels does and more, though a slightly too steep bend turns a photo unnatural fast.	`Ctrl`+`MCmd`+`M`
Hue/SaturationRotates hue and saturation. Picking a colour range at the bottom limits the change to that range — that is how you deepen only the sky or recolour only the clothes.	`Ctrl`+`UCmd`+`U`
DesaturateStrips the colour out for black and white. It is quick but flattens the contrast, so a proper conversion is better done with the Black & White adjustment.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`UCmd`+`Shift`+`U`
InvertFlips the colours to their opposites. It sits a hand's width from the combination that inverts a selection, and pressed on a mask it swaps what is hidden for what is shown.	`Ctrl`+`ICmd`+`I`
Actual pixelsShows the image at a hundred per cent. Only at this zoom can you tell whether something looked soft because of the zoom or because it really is soft.	`Ctrl`+`1Cmd`+`1`
Fit on screenFits the whole image in the window. It is the fastest way back to your bearings after zooming in and losing track of where you are.	`Ctrl`+`0Cmd`+`0`
Hide extrasHides the overlays — guides, grid, selection edges. On a Mac the system claims this combination for hiding the app, so Photoshop asks which one you meant the first time you press it.	`Ctrl`+`HCmd`+`H`
Export AsExports to an image file such as PNG or JPG. It is a different route from saving, so resizing or changing format here leaves your working file untouched.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Alt`+`WCmd`+`Shift`+`Option`+`W`

Illustrator46

Illustrator gives each tool a single letter, and learning those letters is the biggest win — but while you are editing type they simply get typed, so press Esc first.

Action	Keys
Selection toolPicks up whole objects and groups, and it is the tool you fall back to from every other one. While you are editing type the letter is typed into the text instead, so press Esc first.	`V`
Direct Selection toolSelects a single anchor point or one segment inside a path, so dragging moves that corner rather than the whole shape. A rectangle suddenly becoming a wedge is that difference showing up.	`A`
Magic Wand toolSelects every object whose fill matches the one you click. It works on whole objects rather than areas of the picture, and how far it reaches comes from the tolerance in the Magic Wand panel.	`Y`
Lasso toolDraws a freehand loop and collects the anchor points inside it. It gathers points rather than whole objects, which is why it pairs with joining and averaging them.	`Q`
Pen toolDraws a path point by point; drag as you click and a curve pulls out of the handles. Holding Alt (Option on a Mac) while dragging one handle breaks the curve so the next segment can leave at a new angle.	`P`
Curvature toolDrops points and lets Illustrator bend the path between them; double-clicking a point switches it between smooth and corner. It is the one drawing tool whose shortcut is not a bare letter.	`Shift`+`
Type toolAdds point text or a text box. The moment the cursor blinks, every single-letter tool shortcut types itself instead of switching tools — Esc leaves the text and hands the letters back.	`T`
Rectangle toolDraws a rectangle; hold Shift while dragging for a square and Alt (Option on a Mac) to grow it from the centre. A single click instead of a drag opens a box where you type the exact size.	`M`
Ellipse toolDraws an ellipse; Shift while dragging gives a perfect circle. Holding the space bar while you are still drawing moves the shape you are drawing instead of resizing it.	`L`
Paintbrush toolPaints a stroke that is still a vector path underneath. The brush is an appearance sitting on that path, so you can swap it or take it off later without redrawing anything.	`B`
Rotate toolRotates the selection around a reference point you move by clicking first — that click is the step people skip, so everything turns around the wrong centre. Pressing Enter opens a box for an exact angle.	`R`
Scale toolScales the selection from a reference point you set by clicking. Whether the stroke weight grows with the artwork depends on the Scale Strokes & Effects setting, which is why the same drag looks different in two documents.	`S`
Free Transform toolScales, rotates and shears from one bounding box, and the widget beside it adds perspective and free distort. Because it does several jobs at once, it is easy to shear something you only wanted to resize.	`E`
Gradient toolPuts a gradient into the selected fill and lets you drag its angle and length right on the artwork. If nothing seems to change, the gradient is going into the stroke rather than the fill.	`G`
Eyedropper toolCopies the whole appearance — fill, stroke, even type settings — from whatever you click onto the current selection. Hold Shift to take just the colour, which is usually what was meant.	`I`
Artboard toolSwitches to editing the artboards themselves rather than the artwork on them, so dragging and resizing now change the page. Whether the art travels with the board comes from the Move Artwork With Artboard option in the toolbar.	`Shift`+`O`
Zoom toolClick to zoom in, Alt-click (Option on a Mac) to zoom out. Only the view changes — the artwork keeps its real size, and the ruler still reads the same measurements.	`Z`
Hand toolPans the view without moving anything. Holding the space bar does the same thing temporarily — except while you are editing text, where the space bar is just a space.	`H`
Outline modeSwaps between Preview and Outline, where only the path skeleton is drawn — no fills, no strokes. Artwork looking empty usually means this is on rather than the file being broken, and the same key brings the picture back.	`Ctrl`+`YCmd`+`Y`
Smart GuidesTurns on and off the pink hints and the snapping that appear while you drag near other objects. When something refuses to sit exactly where you drop it, this is usually the thing pulling it.	`Ctrl`+`UCmd`+`U`
RulersShows or hides the rulers along the edges of the window. Illustrator keeps two kinds — one measured per artboard and one for the whole document — and which one you see is a separate item in the View menu.	`Ctrl`+`RCmd`+`R`
Snap to PointMakes the pointer jump to nearby anchor points and guides while you drag. It only bites if you start the drag on the point you want snapped, and it can pull against Smart Guides when both are on.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`"Cmd`+`Option`+`"`
Hide edgesHides the selection outlines and anchor points so you can judge the artwork clean. The selection is still live even though nothing looks selected, so the next drag still moves it.	`Ctrl`+`HCmd`+`H`
Fit artboard in windowZooms so the active artboard fills the window. It frames the board and not your artwork, so anything parked outside the board is left off screen.	`Ctrl`+`0Cmd`+`0`
Fit all artboards in windowZooms out until every artboard in the document is visible at once, which is the quickest way to notice a stray board or an object parked outside them all.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`0Cmd`+`Option`+`0`
GroupTies the selected objects together so they move as one. The group is stacked where its frontmost member was, so grouping can quietly bring things forward past objects that used to cover them.	`Ctrl`+`GCmd`+`G`
UngroupBreaks the group open again, one level per press — nested groups need several. Doing it to a clipping mask group releases the mask as well, and the hidden part comes back.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`GCmd`+`Shift`+`G`
Make clipping maskUses the frontmost selected object as a window and hides whatever the others have outside it. The masking object loses its own fill and stroke, and nothing is deleted — the hidden parts return when you release it.	`Ctrl`+`7Cmd`+`7`
Release clipping maskGives the hidden parts back. The shape that was doing the masking returns as a path with no fill, so it is nearly invisible on top of the artwork until you click it.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`7Cmd`+`Option`+`7`
Lock selectionMakes the selection unclickable so you can work over the top of it. Nothing marks a locked object on the canvas, so the Layers panel is the only place to see what you locked.	`Ctrl`+`2Cmd`+`2`
Unlock allFrees everything you locked in the document at once and leaves it all selected. The next drag or arrow key moves all of it, so click an empty spot first.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`2Cmd`+`Option`+`2`
Hide selectionTakes the selection off the canvas without deleting it. Hidden objects are easy to forget, so showing everything again brings back things you hid much earlier in the session.	`Ctrl`+`3Cmd`+`3`
Show allBrings every hidden object back and leaves them selected. If more turns up than you expected, those are the ones you hid earlier and never missed.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`3Cmd`+`Option`+`3`
Transform againRepeats the last move, rotation or scale on the current selection. If that first step was made with a copy — Alt while dragging, or the Copy button in the dialog — every repeat brings another copy, which is how evenly spaced rows get built.	`Ctrl`+`DCmd`+`D`
Bring to frontMoves the selection to the top of the stack. It only reaches the top of its own layer or group, so something on a layer above still covers it.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`]Cmd`+`Shift`+`]`
Bring forwardMoves the selection up one place in the stack instead of all the way. In a pile where two objects overlap a third, stepping up one at a time is the safe way through.	`Ctrl`+`]Cmd`+`]`
Send backwardMoves the selection down one place in the stack. Watch the Layers panel while you press it — in a crowded group the picture on the canvas only changes every few presses.	`Ctrl`+`[Cmd`+`[`
Send to backDrops the selection to the bottom of the stack. Inside a group that means the bottom of the group, which is why an object can vanish behind its neighbours yet still sit above the background.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`[Cmd`+`Shift`+`[`
Join pathsJoins two open end points into one path, or closes a single open path. Select the two points with the Direct Selection tool first — with whole objects selected it closes each path instead of joining them.	`Ctrl`+`JCmd`+`J`
Average pointsMoves the selected anchor points to their average position, on both axes or just one. It is the tidy way to make two end points meet exactly before joining them.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`JCmd`+`Option`+`J`
Create outlinesTurns the selected type into ordinary paths so the file no longer needs the font. The words stop being text at that moment and there is no way back except undo, so keep an editable copy before you hand the file over.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`OCmd`+`Shift`+`O`
Paste in frontPastes the copy at the same coordinates as the original and stacks it directly in front of whatever is selected. Because the position is kept, the copy lands exactly on top and looks like nothing happened.	`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`F`
Paste in backPastes at the same coordinates as the original but stacks it behind the selected object — the usual way to slip a shadow or a background shape under artwork that is already in place.	`Ctrl`+`BCmd`+`B`
Paste in placePastes at the same coordinates on the artboard you are looking at, while a plain paste drops the copy in the middle of the window. Moving artwork between artboards without losing its alignment is what this is for.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`VCmd`+`Shift`+`V`
Align panelOpens the Align panel, where the trap is the Align To setting: the same buttons line objects up to each other, to a key object, or to the artboard. On a Mac the function keys may need fn depending on your keyboard settings.	`Shift`+`F7`
Pathfinder panelOpens the Pathfinder panel — Unite and the rest are buttons here, with no default key of their own. Holding Alt (Option on a Mac) while clicking a Shape Mode keeps the parts editable as a compound shape instead of merging them for good.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`F9Cmd`+`Shift`+`F9`

Premiere Pro43

In Premiere Pro the same key does different things depending on which panel holds focus — when a shortcut seems to do nothing, focus is usually on the Program Monitor or the Project panel rather than the timeline.

Action	Keys
Play or stopStarts and stops playback of whichever panel has focus — the timeline plays in the Program Monitor, while the Project or Source panel plays the raw clip. That focus is why the same key sometimes plays the wrong thing.	`Space`
Play forwardPlays forward, and pressing it again steps the speed up each time — two, three, four times normal. Held together with the stop key it crawls forward slowly instead.	`L`
Play backwardPlays backwards at normal speed, and repeated presses run it faster. Reviewing a cut in reverse is an old way of spotting the one frame that does not belong.	`J`
Stop playbackStops playback. Held down together with the forward or backward key it becomes slow motion, which is the closest thing to scrubbing frame by frame without taking your hands off the keys.	`K`
Play around playheadPlays a couple of seconds before the playhead and a couple after it, then stops — the fastest way to judge a cut you just made. How much it plays comes from the preroll and postroll values in Preferences, not from the key.	`Shift`+`K`
Step forward one frameNudges the playhead one frame forward when the timeline or a monitor has focus. Even with a clip selected the arrow keys move the playhead and not the clip — moving the clip needs a modifier.	`Right`
Step back one frameMoves the playhead one frame back, which is how you find the exact frame a cut should land on. With the Project panel focused the same key moves the selection through the list instead.	`Left`
Go to next edit pointJumps the playhead to the next cut, but only on the tracks that are targeted. Untargeted tracks are not counted, so the playhead can skip a cut you can plainly see.	`Down`
Go to previous edit pointJumps the playhead back to the previous cut on the targeted tracks. Paired with trimming to the playhead, it is how a rough cut gets tightened without touching the mouse.	`Up`
Go to sequence startSends the playhead to the very start of the sequence. With the Project panel focused the same key jumps to the first item in the list instead, which is the usual reason it seems to do nothing.	`Home`
Go to sequence endSends the playhead past the last frame of the sequence — the quickest check for a stray clip or a silent gap left at the end of a timeline.	`End`
Mark inSets the in point in whichever panel has focus: in the Source Monitor it trims the clip you are about to bring in, in the timeline it marks a range of the sequence. Two in points can exist at once, and confusing them is why the wrong range gets used.	`I`
Mark outSets the out point in the focused panel, alongside the in point. A leftover out point from earlier is the reason an insert can come in shorter than expected.	`O`
Mark clipMarks in and out at the two ends of the clip under the playhead, on the targeted track. It is the fast way to grab a range for extract or lift without dragging anything.	`X`
Clear in and outRemoves both marks from the focused panel. This is one of the few places where the Windows and Mac keyboards take genuinely different modifiers, so a habit built on one does not carry over to the other.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`XOption`+`X`
Add markerDrops a marker at the playhead. Whether it lands on the sequence or on the clip depends on whether a clip is selected, and clip markers travel with the clip when you move it.	`M`
Add editCuts the clip at the playhead on the targeted tracks, without reaching for the razor. Tracks that are not targeted are left whole, which is how a picture ends up cut while its sound stays in one piece.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Add edit to all tracksCuts at the playhead across every track, ignoring what is targeted. It is the version to use when picture and sound must break at exactly the same frame.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`KCmd`+`Shift`+`K`
Ripple deleteDeletes the selected clip or gap and closes the hole, pulling everything after it earlier. Anything on a track that does not travel with it — locked, or with sync lock off — stays put and falls out of sync from that point on, which is the usual way a timeline quietly drifts.	`Shift`+`Delete`
LiftRemoves the range between the in and out points from the targeted tracks and leaves a gap of the same length. Nothing after it moves, so sync elsewhere in the timeline stays safe.	`;`
ExtractRemoves the marked range and closes the gap, so everything after it shifts earlier. It is the ripple version of lifting, with the same sync risk on tracks that do not travel with it.	`'`
InsertDrops the clip from the Source Monitor in at the playhead and pushes what was there later. Only targeted tracks take part and untargeted ones stay put — the easiest way to break sync without noticing.	`,`
OverwriteLays the source clip over what is already at the playhead, replacing those frames and keeping the sequence the same length. Nothing shifts, so nothing loses sync — which is why many editors reach for it first.	`.`
Paste insertPastes the clipboard in at the playhead and ripples the rest of the track later, where a plain paste would overwrite what is there. Which track it lands on comes from track targeting, not from where you last clicked.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`VCmd`+`Shift`+`V`
Link or unlinkUnlinks a video clip from its audio so each can be trimmed alone, and links them again when both are selected. Once unlinked they no longer warn you when they drift, so the out-of-sync numbers stop appearing.	`Ctrl`+`LCmd`+`L`
Speed or durationOpens the speed and duration box for the selected clip. The Ripple Edit checkbox inside it decides whether the rest of the track closes up as the clip gets shorter, and it stays as you left it last time.	`Ctrl`+`RCmd`+`R`
Enable or disable clipSwitches the selected clip off without removing it — it stays in place but stops playing and stops rendering, showing black or silence. A clip left disabled looks exactly like a fault when you come back to the project a week later.	`Shift`+`E`
Nudge clip one frame leftMoves the selected clip one frame earlier, which is how audio gets lined up to picture without the mouse. Windows and Mac take different modifiers here, and the clip overwrites what it lands on rather than pushing it aside.	`Alt`+`LeftCmd`+`Left`
Nudge clip one frame rightMoves the selected clip one frame later. It needs a clip actually selected — with nothing selected there is nothing to nudge and the press appears to do nothing.	`Alt`+`RightCmd`+`Right`
Ripple trim previous edit to playheadCuts away everything between the previous edit and the playhead and closes the gap, so the rest of the track moves earlier. It works on the targeted tracks and it changes the timing of everything after it — the fast way to top a clip, and the fast way to lose sync.	`Q`
Ripple trim next edit to playheadCuts from the playhead to the next edit and closes the gap, the mirror image of trimming backwards. Paired with jumping between edit points, the two of them tighten a rough cut without any dragging.	`W`
Match frameOpens the clip under the playhead in the Source Monitor at that exact frame, so you can find the original media or take a second copy of it. It reads the topmost targeted track, so targeting decides which clip you get.	`F`
Selection toolThe plain arrow for selecting and dragging clips, and the tool to return to before anything else. While a text field or a title is active the letter is typed instead, which is why tool keys seem to stop working.	`V`
Razor toolCuts a clip wherever you click, and holding Shift cuts every track at that point. Cutting exactly at the playhead is more precise from the keyboard than by eye with this tool.	`C`
Track Select Forward toolGrabs every clip from where you click to the end of the timeline so a whole block can be moved at once. Holding Shift narrows it to the single track you clicked, which is usually what was wanted.	`A`
Ripple Edit toolTrims an edit and closes the gap in the same move, so the rest of the track follows along. Everything after the edit changes position, so audio on tracks that stay put will no longer line up.	`B`
SnapTurns timeline snapping on and off — the thing that makes a dragged clip click cleanly against its neighbour or the playhead. One-frame gaps that show as a black flash on playback are almost always this being off.	`S`
Zoom to sequenceFits the whole sequence into the timeline panel, which is the way back after zooming in to a few frames. The timeline has to have focus, so click in it first if the key seems dead.	`\`
Maximize frame under pointerBlows the panel under the pointer up to fill the window, and puts it back the same way. It follows the mouse rather than the focused panel, and depending on the version and keyboard layout the same key may need Shift with it.	`
Focus timeline panelMoves focus to the timeline panel, which most editing keys need before they will do anything. Reaching for this before a shortcut is the cure for the whole family of keys that seem to do nothing.	`Shift`+`3`
Focus Program MonitorMoves focus to the Program Monitor. Marking and export-frame commands act on the focused monitor, so the same keys mean the sequence here and the raw clip in the Source Monitor.	`Shift`+`4`
Export frameSaves the current frame of the focused monitor as a still image. The box remembers its folder and the Import Into Project tick from last time, so stills can quietly pile up inside your project.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ECmd`+`Shift`+`E`
Export mediaOpens the export settings for the selected sequence or clip. If in and out points are set, the range starts as that marked section rather than the whole sequence — the usual reason an export comes out short.	`Ctrl`+`MCmd`+`M`

Slack50

Enter sends the message in the composer. Shift+Enter makes a new line, and the two can be swapped in settings.

Action	Keys
Show every shortcutPops up the full list of Slack shortcuts; if you memorize only one, memorize this, and the list changes with the part of Slack you are in.	`Ctrl`+`/Cmd`+`/`
Open preferencesOpens your own preferences such as notifications and theme; workspace-wide admin settings are not here and open in the browser instead.	`Ctrl`+`,Cmd`+`,`
Set your statusOpens the box for your status text and emoji; unless you pick a clear-after time it stays up, so you still look busy long after the meeting ended.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`YCmd`+`Shift`+`Y`
Compose a new messageOpens an empty message with no recipient chosen yet, so you can write first and decide the channel or person afterwards.	`Ctrl`+`NCmd`+`N`
Upload a fileOpens the file picker to upload into the conversation you are in; note that here Ctrl+O uploads rather than opens.	`Ctrl`+`OCmd`+`O`
Jump to a channel or personJumps to a conversation from a few letters of a channel or person's name; it is a switcher and not search, so it never looks inside messages — that is Ctrl+G.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Search all of SlackSearches messages and files across the whole workspace; plenty of people press Ctrl+K expecting this and get only channel names.	`Ctrl`+`GCmd`+`G`
Search this conversationNarrows the search to the one conversation you are looking at, which is faster than the workspace-wide search when the results flood you.	`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`F`
Previous channel in the sidebarMoves one conversation up in the order the sidebar shows; it follows that order rather than where new messages are, so a channel near the bottom takes several presses.	`Alt`+`UpOption`+`Up`
Next channel in the sidebarMoves one conversation down the sidebar order; add Shift and it skips straight to the ones with unread messages instead.	`Alt`+`DownOption`+`Down`
Go backGoes back to the view you just left, like a browser; Windows uses Alt+Left while mac uses Cmd+[, so hands slip here when you use both.	`Alt`+`LeftCmd`+`[`
Go forwardMoves forward again through the views you came back from; it follows your own trail between channels and has nothing to do with unread order.	`Alt`+`RightCmd`+`]`
Jump to the first unread messageTakes you to where you stopped reading in this conversation, so you do not have to scroll up hunting for it every time you open a channel.	`Ctrl`+`JCmd`+`J`
Previous unread channelSkips to the previous conversation that has unread messages, stepping over the ones you already read.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`UpShift`+`Option`+`Up`
Next unread channelSkips to the next conversation with unread messages; it walks into collapsed sidebar sections too, so a channel you had forgotten suddenly opens.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`DownShift`+`Option`+`Down`
Mark this conversation readMarks the current conversation as read; it closes nothing and moves nowhere, it just clears the bold badge.	`Esc`
Mark everything readMarks every conversation in the workspace as read at once; there is no undo, so if you were using unread badges as a to-do list they are all gone.	`Shift`+`Esc`
Open the unreads viewGathers everything unread into one view; inside it Esc marks the group you are on as read, which cannot be taken back if you hit it while skimming.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ACmd`+`Shift`+`A`
Open the home viewReturns to the home view with the channel list; Windows uses Ctrl+Shift+1 while mac uses Ctrl+1 with Ctrl and not Cmd, which is a common miss.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`1Ctrl`+`1`
Open direct messagesOpens the view that holds only direct messages; the neighbouring Ctrl+K is the switcher, so one key apart takes you somewhere else entirely.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`KCmd`+`Shift`+`K`
Open activityCollects the mentions of your name and the reactions you got in one view, so you can see what came to you without combing the channels.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`MCmd`+`Shift`+`M`
Open threadsCollects the threads you follow; replies inside a thread never appear in the channel itself, so conversations pile up unseen unless you open this view.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`TCmd`+`Shift`+`T`
Browse channelsOpens the directory of channels you can join, showing member counts even for the ones you are not in yet, so you can pick where the talking happens.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`LCmd`+`Shift`+`L`
Hide the right paneCollapses the right pane — where a thread, a profile or a canvas sits — to widen the messages; Slack has no default shortcut for the left sidebar.	`Ctrl`+`.Cmd`+`.`
Open conversation detailsOpens the details of this conversation in the right pane, where the members, pinned items and files live; Ctrl+. closes that pane again.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`ICmd`+`Shift`+`I`
Show the workspace switcherShows and hides the workspace switcher; Ctrl together with a number jumps straight to the workspace in that position.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`SCmd`+`Shift`+`S`
Next workspaceMoves to the next workspace; the key is the same on Windows and mac, and inside Slack it changes workspaces rather than tabs.	`Ctrl`+`Tab`
Previous workspaceGoes back to the previous workspace; with only one workspace signed in, pressing it does nothing at all.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Tab`
Start or leave a huddleStarts, joins or leaves a huddle in the conversation you are in; pressed in the wrong channel it opens a huddle there and pings everyone.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`HCmd`+`Shift`+`H`
Mute or unmute in a huddleMutes and unmutes your microphone in a huddle — the key you hunt for the moment you start talking and nobody hears you.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`SpaceCmd`+`Shift`+`Space`
Edit your messageEdits the message of yours that has focus; the letter only works on a focused message, and Slack has no default shortcut that pulls up your last message from an empty box.	`E`
Delete your messageDeletes the message of yours that has focus after asking once; on mac the key is the one labelled Delete that behaves like Backspace.	`Delete`
Reply in a threadOpens the thread of the focused message to reply there; the Right arrow does the same, and what you write stays out of the channel body.	`T`
Forward the messageForwards the focused message to another conversation; you can add a line with it, which keeps more context than pasting a link.	`F`
Pin or unpin the messagePins or unpins the focused message in this conversation; unlike what people assume it does have a default key, and pinned items gather in the details pane.	`P`
Save the message for laterSaves the focused message for later; this is what starring used to be, and only you can see what you saved.	`A`
Mark everything above unreadMarks everything above the focused message as unread again — the way to bookmark a long backlog you mean to read from the top later.	`U`
Get a reminder about the messageSets a reminder about the focused message; when the time comes Slackbot sends the message back to you, so you are allowed to forget it.	`M`
React with an emojiOpens the emoji picker on the focused message; the picker for the message box has no single spelling because it depends on your keyboard layout, but reacting is this one letter everywhere.	`R`
Start a new line without sendingBreaks the line without sending; that holds while Enter is set to send, and flipping that preference swaps what the two keys do.	`Shift`+`Enter`
BoldMakes the selected text bold; the key keeps working even when you have hidden the formatting toolbar.	`Ctrl`+`BCmd`+`B`
ItalicItalicizes the selected text; Slack cannot send underlined text at all, so emphasis comes down to bold and italic.	`Ctrl`+`ICmd`+`I`
StrikethroughStrikes through the selected text — the mark teams use to overturn something already agreed without deleting it.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`XCmd`+`Shift`+`X`
Inline codeWraps the selection in inline code; inside it asterisks and underscores stop meaning formatting, which is how paths and commands survive unchanged.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`CCmd`+`Shift`+`C`
Code blockMakes a multi-line code block; inside it you still need Shift+Enter for a new line, because plain Enter sends the whole block.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Alt`+`CCmd`+`Shift`+`Option`+`C`
QuoteTurns the selected lines into a quote block; it is for carrying someone else's words, and bold or code still work inside it.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`9Cmd`+`Shift`+`9`
Turn the selection into a linkAttaches a URL to the selected text to make a link; pasting a URL straight over a selection does the same thing.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`UCmd`+`Shift`+`U`
Bulleted listTurns the selected lines into a bulleted list; pressing Tab inside the list indents an item into a sub-item.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`8Cmd`+`Shift`+`8`
Numbered listTurns the selected lines into a numbered list; Slack renumbers them itself, so deleting an item in the middle never leaves a gap.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`7Cmd`+`Shift`+`7`
Undo in the message boxUndoes the last edit or formatting in the message box, and right after sending the same combination takes the message back, so try it first when you regret one.	`Ctrl`+`ZCmd`+`Z`

Discord29

Press Ctrl+/ (Cmd+/ on a Mac) and Discord lists the shortcuts that actually work in the build you are running — the desktop app and the browser differ, so that list is the one to trust.

Action	Keys
Toggle muteSwitches off your microphone only; you still hear everyone else. It is caught while the Discord window has focus, so to mute from inside a game you must register a key under Settings and Keybinds, which keep working in the background.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`MCmd`+`Shift`+`M`
Toggle deafenCuts both directions at once: your microphone and everyone else's audio. When someone hears nothing at all, this is usually what is on, not plain mute.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`DCmd`+`Shift`+`D`
Answer an incoming callPicks up a ringing call without reaching for the mouse. It counts only while the call is still ringing, and the Discord window has to be in front.	`Ctrl`+`EnterCmd`+`Enter`
Decline an incoming callTurns down a ringing call; with no call ringing the same key marks the channel you are in as read, which quietly clears an unread badge you meant to keep.	`Esc`
Call this DM or groupRings the direct message or group you are looking at. It has nothing to do with a server voice channel, so nothing happens while a text channel is open.	`Ctrl`+`'Cmd`+`'`
Jump to a server, channel or personJumps to a server, channel or person from a few letters of the name; it is a switcher, not a search, so it never looks inside messages.	`Ctrl`+`KCmd`+`K`
Search messagesSearches messages in the channel or server you are in; filters like from: and has: narrow it, and the scope starts wherever you already are.	`Ctrl`+`FCmd`+`F`
Next serverSteps down one server in the left-hand bar. It stops at every server in order, so when you only want the ones with something new, use the unread version instead.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`DownCmd`+`Option`+`Down`
Previous serverSteps up one server in the same bar. The direct-message list sits at the top of it, so keep going up and you end up there.	`Ctrl`+`Alt`+`UpCmd`+`Option`+`Up`
Next channelMoves one channel down the list of the server you are in. It follows the order you see, so it stops on voice channels too — stopping there does not connect you.	`Alt`+`DownOption`+`Down`
Previous channelMoves one channel up the list. It works even with the cursor in the message box, and the draft you were typing stays where you left it.	`Alt`+`UpOption`+`Up`
Next unread channelSkips ahead to the next channel that still has something unread. Once everything is read there is nowhere to go and nothing happens.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`DownShift`+`Option`+`Down`
Previous unread channelWalks the unread channels backwards one step. Most of the time you want the one you have just passed, which makes this the busier direction of the pair.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`UpShift`+`Option`+`Up`
Create or join a serverOpens the box for making a new server or joining one with an invite link. It is not the way to make a channel inside the server you are already in.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`NCmd`+`Shift`+`N`
Jump to the oldest unread messageJumps to the oldest message you have not read, landing just under the new-messages line. If you already marked the channel read there is nothing left to jump to.	`Shift`+`PageUp`
Mark this channel readClears the unread mark on the channel you are in. The same key also cancels what you were typing and declines a ringing call, so it does three different jobs depending on the moment.	`Esc`
Mark the whole server readMarks every channel in one server as read, including the ones you were saving for later. There is no default key that clears all servers at once.	`Shift`+`Esc`
Scroll the chat up a screenPages the conversation back one screen at a time. If you cannot find where you stopped reading after a few presses, jumping to the oldest unread message is faster.	`PageUp`
Scroll the chat down a screenPages back down one screen at a time. Until you reach the bottom the view does not follow new messages, which makes a live conversation look frozen.	`PageDown`
Toggle the members listFolds the member list on the right away and back. In a browser this combination is taken first for view-source, so it behaves as described only in the desktop app.	`Ctrl`+`UCmd`+`U`
Toggle the pinned messagesPops up the list of pinned messages for the channel. In a browser the same combination opens the print dialog first, which makes this the clearest case of the app and the browser parting ways.	`Ctrl`+`PCmd`+`P`
Toggle the inboxGathers your mentions and unread channels in one place. It is a popout, so it closes the moment you click anywhere else.	`Ctrl`+`ICmd`+`I`
Upload a fileOpens the file picker. Choosing a file does not send it yet — it waits in the box with room for a caption until you press Enter.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`UCmd`+`Shift`+`U`
Open the emoji pickerOpens the emoji picker. A server's own emoji work inside that server, and using them anywhere else needs a paid subscription.	`Ctrl`+`ECmd`+`E`
Open the GIF pickerOpens the GIF picker. Emoji, stickers and GIFs are tabs of the same popout, so once it is open you only switch tabs.	`Ctrl`+`GCmd`+`G`
Start a new line without sendingBreaks the line without sending. Enter is the send key in the message box, so every extra line you type needs this instead.	`Shift`+`Enter`
Edit your last messageWith the message box empty this opens your last message for editing. Leave even one character in the box and it just moves the cursor instead.	`Up`
Show every shortcutPuts the list of shortcuts that actually work in the build you are running on screen. The app and the browser differ on a few keys, so when in doubt this list beats any page.	`Ctrl`+`/Cmd`+`/`
Open the help centerOpens the support site, not the shortcut list. The shortcut list is the combination with the slash.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`HCmd`+`Shift`+`H`

Zoom30

Zoom shortcuts are heard only while the Zoom window has focus — tick Enable Global Shortcut next to an action under Settings and Keyboard Shortcuts and that one works from any other window.

Action	Keys
Mute or unmute yourselfMutes and unmutes your microphone. It is caught only while the Zoom window has focus, so pressing it from another window does nothing; tick Enable Global Shortcut for this action under Settings and Keyboard Shortcuts to make it work anywhere.	`Alt`+`ACmd`+`Shift`+`A`
Talk while you hold the keyWhile you are muted it opens the microphone only for as long as you hold the key, and closes it again the instant you let go. It needs focus on the Zoom window and the press-and-hold option turned on under Settings and Audio; with the cursor in the chat box you just type a space.	`Space`
Mute everyone but the hostMutes every participant except the host. It is host-only, so for a participant pressing it does nothing at all.	`Alt`+`MCtrl`+`Cmd`+`M`
Ask everyone to unmuteAsks everyone to come off mute; it is host-only and each person still has to accept, so nobody is switched on against their will. Windows has no separate default key for it — there the mute combination handles both directions.	Not on this system`Ctrl`+`Cmd`+`U`
Start or stop your videoStarts and stops your camera. This one also needs focus on the Zoom window, so hitting it while working in another app can leave the camera running; make just this action global if that matters to you.	`Alt`+`VCmd`+`Shift`+`V`
Switch cameraRotates to the next camera when more than one is connected. With a single camera nothing changes.	`Alt`+`NCmd`+`Shift`+`N`
Open the invite windowOpens the invite window. Depending on the meeting's settings a participant may have no right to invite anyone.	`Alt`+`ICmd`+`I`
Copy the invite linkPuts the invite link straight on the clipboard without opening the invite window, which is the fast way to paste it into another chat.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`ICmd`+`Shift`+`I`
Toggle the participants panelShows and hides the participants panel. On the Mac it is one of the few actions without Shift in it, so adding Shift out of habit makes it fail.	`Alt`+`UCmd`+`U`
Toggle the chat panelOpens and closes the in-meeting chat. While the cursor sits in the chat box the push-to-talk key types a space instead, so leave the box before you speak.	`Alt`+`HCmd`+`Shift`+`H`
Start or stop screen shareStarts or stops sharing your screen. On Windows it first opens the window that asks what to share, and while a share is running the same combination ends it.	`Alt`+`SCmd`+`Shift`+`S`
Show what you can shareShows or hides the list of windows and applications you could share. The Mac has no default key for this particular action.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`S`Not on this system
Pause or resume the shareFreezes the picture without ending the share: the others keep seeing the frame it stopped on. When you need to open something private, this beats dropping the share and setting it up again.	`Alt`+`TCmd`+`Shift`+`T`
Begin remote controlTakes up remote control after it has been handed to you. The person sharing has to grant it first; without that, pressing this does nothing.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`RCtrl`+`Shift`+`R`
Revoke or drop remote controlTakes back the remote control you granted, or gives up the control you were holding. It is the quickest way to get your own pointer back mid-share.	`Shift`+`Alt`+`GCtrl`+`Shift`+`G`
Start or stop recording on this computerStarts or stops recording onto this computer. A participant needs the host's permission first, and the file only appears after a conversion step once the meeting ends.	`Alt`+`RCmd`+`Shift`+`R`
Start or stop cloud recordingStarts or stops recording to the cloud. It needs both a paid plan and the right permission; without them the key does nothing.	`Alt`+`CCmd`+`Shift`+`C`
Pause or resume the recordingPauses the recording and picks it up again. What you record after resuming joins the same file rather than starting a new one.	`Alt`+`PCmd`+`Shift`+`P`
Raise or lower your handRaises and lowers your hand. It needs focus on the Zoom window, so pressing it while reading a slide in another app leaves your hand down.	`Alt`+`YOption`+`Y`
Open the reactions panelOpens the reactions panel. Unlike a raised hand, a reaction fades on its own after a few seconds, so it cannot serve as a standing signal.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`YCmd`+`Shift`+`Y`
Enter or exit full screenPuts the meeting window full screen and back. Zoom can switch to full screen by itself when someone starts sharing, and this is what gets you out again.	`Alt`+`FCmd`+`Shift`+`F`
Switch to speaker viewSwitches to the layout that shows whoever is speaking large. Only Windows has a default key for it; the Mac uses one combination that cycles through the layouts instead.	`Alt`+`F1`Not on this system
Switch to gallery viewLays the participants out in a grid. How many fit on one screen depends on the window size and your settings, and the rest spill onto the next page.	`Alt`+`F2`Not on this system
Cycle through the layoutsCycles through speaker view, multi-speaker view and gallery view. It exists only on the Mac; Windows gives each layout its own key.	Not on this system`Cmd`+`Shift`+`W`
Next page of participantsTurns to the next batch of participants in the grid. With the cursor in the chat box it scrolls the text instead of the faces.	`PageDownCtrl`+`N`
Previous page of participantsGoes back to the previous batch of participants. Window size decides how many fit on a page, so a bigger window means fewer pages to turn.	`PageUpCtrl`+`P`
Show or hide the floating controlsHides the little floating control bar that appears while sharing, and brings it back. It is what you want when the bar has vanished and you cannot find the microphone button.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Alt`+`HCtrl`+`Cmd`+`Option`+`H`
Keep the meeting controls showingSwitches between keeping the meeting controls always visible and having them appear only on hover. On Windows a single modifier does it, which is why it flips by accident while you reach for other combinations.	`AltCtrl`+`\`
Move focus to the meeting controlsMoves the keyboard focus onto the meeting controls, which is the way in when a share has buried the bar under other windows. The Mac has no default key for it.	`Ctrl`+`Shift`+`Alt`Not on this system
End or leave the meetingBrings up the prompt for ending or leaving the meeting. As host you are also offered End meeting for everyone, and picking the wrong line cuts off everyone who was still talking.	`Alt`+`QCmd`+`W`

Reading the key names

Keys joined by + are pressed together: Ctrl+Shift+P means hold Ctrl and Shift, then P.
On a Mac, Cmd is ⌘, Option is ⌥ (labelled Alt on some keyboards), Control is ⌃ and Shift is ⇧.
Windows Ctrl usually becomes Cmd on a Mac, but not always — this reference lists both combinations separately.
With a Korean, Japanese or Chinese input method active, shortcuts built on letter keys may not fire. Switch to Latin input and try again.
When a combination does nothing, another program has often claimed it as a global shortcut first.

Common questions

Q. Why aren’t the key names translated?

Because that is what the keyboard says. A translated Ctrl leaves you guessing which key to press. Only the explanation of what a combination does follows the language.

Q. Can I use the Windows combination on a Mac?

Swapping Ctrl for Cmd is right most of the time, but there are plenty of exceptions — Excel’s F4 is Cmd+T on a Mac, and end of line is Cmd+→. That is why both are listed.

Q. Nothing happens when I press it.

Check three things: whether a non-Latin input method is active, whether your laptop needs Fn for the F-key row, and whether another program has claimed the combination globally.

Q. Can shortcuts be changed?

VS Code, Figma and Photoshop have their own key-binding screens, and Excel lets you attach a combination to a macro. Browser and operating-system combinations mostly cannot be changed.